<p>The Commercial Rooms are in Corn Street, Bristol, England.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1810 by Charles Busby, the building has sculpture by JG Bubb. Originally it housed a club for mercantile interests and during the mid-19th century it was a haunt of local prostitutes. The retained wind vane above the bar would let merchants know whether it was safe for their ships to negotiate the treacherous Avon Gorge, and the wall boards still contain the names of all the club&#39;s presidents, treasurers and secretaries. It is now a pub owned by Wetherspoons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first formal site for businessmen to meet in Bristol was the Tolzey in 1614 which was built onto the south wall of All Saints&#39; Church. The Exchange was built in 1743, originally for use by all commercial businesses in Bristol but once the Commercial Rooms opened in 1808 the Exchange became the headquarters of the corn trade.</p><br>
<p>The first president of the Commercial Rooms was John Loudon McAdam, inventor of tarmac, in 1808. The first telegraph office in Bristol was established in the Commercial Rooms in 1852 with a telegraph line out to Shirehampton so that the messenger announcing ships entering the Bristol Channel no longer had to ride by horseback into the city. After the Bristol Blitz in the Second World War conservation and restoration work was needed inside and out due to bomb damage, including recreating the head of one of the statues on the roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1951 the Great Room featured a tape machine which fed stocks and shares information to the room. In summertime this machine was also used to broadcast cricket scores.</p><br>
<p>The building has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>Records of the Commercial Rooms are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. 20164) () (Ref. 37454) (), (Ref. 41504) (), (Ref. 44059) (), (Ref. 44759) ().</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and decoration</h2><br>
<p>The portico is of the Grecian Ionic order, with the three statues above personifying the City, Commerce and Navigation. Above the columns is a relief showing Britannia, Minerva and Neptune receiving gifts from earth.</p><br>
<p>The Old Council House is a building on Corn Street, Bristol, England. It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological evaluation in the courtyard suggested the area on and around the Council House had been in regular use since the Middle Ages. The original building on Corn Street was adjacent to the church of St Ewan, which had been founded in the late 12th century. In 1699, the Council House was expanded over the guild chapel of the Fraternity of St John the Baptist, which was demolished. St Ewan&#39;s stopped being regularly used as a church towards the late 18th century and was demolished in 1791.</p><br>
<p>The present building was constructed for the City Council and Treasury between 1824 and 1827 on the site St Ewan&#39;s. It was designed by Sir Robert Smirke in a neoclassical design including a sweeping staircase.</p><br>
<p>The Council House was extended to hold a magistrates court on the south-west side of the building in 1828-9 by Richard Shackleton Pope and George Dymond, demolishing two further properties on Corn Street, whose basements were reused as holding cells for prisoners.</p><br>
<p>By the 1930s, the Council House was too small for regular use, and a new site on College Green was proposed. Construction was delayed until after World War II, and the new premises did not open until 1956.</p><br>
<h2>Modern use</h2><br>
<p>The Old Council House is used as a register office (registry office) for Bristol City Council for registering births, deaths, marriages, civil partnerships and citizenship. Every year over 1000 marriages and civil partnerships take place in the building which is often used as a wedding venue. It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The Shakespeare Public House is a historic public house situated at 66-70 Prince Street in Bristol, England. Originally built in 1725 by the Bristol builder John Strahan as a pair of attached Georgian-style houses, it was converted into a public house in 1777 at which time it supplied refreshment to dock workers at the adjoining port. It has been a grade II* listed building since 1959.</p><br>
<p>(Not to be confused with the Shakespeare Inn, Bristol.)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prince Street in Bristol was named after Prince George of Denmark, who was the husband of Queen Anne and lived from 1653 to 1708. The public house takes its name from the nearby Theatre Royal home of the Bristol Old Vic.</p><br>
<p>The building dates from 1725 and was built by John Strahan as a pair of attached Georgian houses that would have been occupied by merchants. No 68 Prince Street was commissioned by John Hobbs and bears a pediment carved with two falcons or hobbies reminding posterity of the origin of the house. In 1777 it was converted into a public house which was patronised by warehousemen and dockworkers at the nearby port.</p><br>
<h2>The building</h2><br>
<p>The Shakespeare Public House was designated as a Grade II*-listed building on 8 January 1959, being an example of a pair of attached merchant&#39;s houses in the Georgian style. The construction is of limestone ashlar, with brick chimney stacks and party wall, and a pantile-covered roof. The houses have symmetrical fronts and are two rooms deep. Each house has three storeys, the upper two each having four windows. The arched doors are on the outer edges of the lower storey, with three windows towards the centre of the building. The central two windows on the ground floor of each house have semi-circular arches and are pedimented and set forwards. There is a frieze, cornice and parapet. The interior of 68 Princes Street is well preserved and has a panelled entrance hall and an elliptical arch in a framed wall separating the other ground floor rooms, which are also panelled. There is a fine curved, mahogany staircase.</p><br>
<h2>Services offered</h2><br>
<p>The Shakespeare Public House serves cask ales, draught lagers, draught ciders and over a dozen types of wine. Meals are served between 11am and 10pm.</p><br>
<p>The Hydraulic engine house is part of the "Underfall Yard" in Bristol Harbour in Bristol, England.</p><br>
<p>The octagonal brick and terracotta chimney of the engine house dates from 1888, and is grade II* listed, as is the hydraulic engine house itself. It replaced the original pumping house which is now The Pump House public house. It is built of red brick with a slate roof and originally contained two steam engines made by the Worthington Corporation. These were compound surface condensing cylinders of 17.5 in diameter. These were replaced in 1907 by the current machines from Fullerton, Hodgart and Barclay of Paisley. It powered the docks&#39; hydraulic system of cranes, bridges and locks until 2010.</p><br>
<p>Water is pumped from the harbour to a header tank and then fed by gravity to the high pressure pumps, where it is pressurised thence raising the external hydraulic accumulator. This stores the hydraulic energy ensuring a smooth delivery of pressure and meaning that the pumps do not need to be running the whole time nor be capable of supplying the instantaneous peak demands. The working pressure is 750 lbs/square inch. The external accumulator was added about 1954 when the original inside the building&#39;s tower became difficult to service (but it remains in place). The building originally contained a pair of steam powered pumps however these were replaced with three electrically driven ones in 1907. The engine house provided the power for equipment such as the lock gates and cranes until 2010.</p><br>
<p>The visitor centre in the hydraulic power house opened in time for Easter 2016.</p><br>
<p>The St Vincent&#39;s Works is a former factory and offices at Silverthorne Lane in Bristol, England.</p><br>
<p>The building was built as offices and factory by Thomas Royse Lysaght, for his brother John Lysaght of John Lysaght and Co. with the buildings being completed by R Milverton Drake. The site was previously owned by Acraman and Company and was involved in the manufacture of corrugated-iron and pre-fabricated buildings, which were exported around the world and particular to settlers in Australia. By 1878 the facttory employed 400 men and produced 1000 tons of galvanised iron sheet a month. The company also diversified into making constructional ironwork, exported around the world from Bristol.</p><br>
<p>The building is now home to the head office of renewable energy consultancy GL Garrad Hassan.</p><br>
<p>It is an example of the Bristol Byzantine style and various of the buildings have Grade II listed building status.</p><br>
<p>The company offices are Grade II* listed. The offices were built in a Gothic style with a domed atrium decorated with golden Doulton tiles. The offices have wood panelling and throughout the building are elaborate decorations.</p><br>
<p>The Belair Mansion, located in Collington, Maryland, United States, built in c. 1745, is the Georgian style plantation house of Provincial Governor of Maryland, Samuel Ogle. Later home to another Maryland governor, the mansion is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Belair is recognized as the only great colonial estate where breeding of race horses was conducted over the course of three centuries. The estate significantly influenced the development of thoroughbred horse racing in the new world, having one of only two stables to raise two Triple Crown champions.</p><br>
<p>The mansion and its nearby stables both serve as museums, operated by the City of Bowie.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early History</h3><br>
<p>The original estate was 500 acre called Catton and was patented from the first proprietors of the Maryland Colony, the Calvert family, on August 26, 1681 by Robert Carvile of St. Mary&#39;s City, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Carvile sold the land in 1698 for £100 to Henry Ridgely. In 1700, Ridgely purchased an additional 100 acre adjacent to Catton called Enfield Chase. Upon Ridgely&#39;s death in 1699, his third wife, now twice widowed, Mary Ridgely (Duvall, née Stanton) was executrix of the will and inherited the properties. Mary had previously inherited Middle Plantation in Davidsonville, Maryland when her first husband, Mareen Duvall died in 1699.</p><br>
<p>Reverend Jacob Henderson, became rector of Queen Anne&#39;s Parish in 1712 and married Mary Duvall that same year.</p><br>
<p>In 1718, Henderson believed that Benjamin Cheney and Joseph Cheney had "committed some trespass" so on January 20, 1718, Henderson petitioned the Maryland Land office to resurvey the boundaries of his properties. As a result, in 1721, a new deed was issued to a much larger 1,410 acre and the property was renamed Belair (sometimes written as Bel Air).</p><br>
<h3>Ogle Era</h3><br>
<p>Samuel Ogle, son of Samuel Ogle of Northumberland was appointed by Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore to be Governor of Maryland in Annapolis in 1732. As part of his remuneration, Ogle was given £3,000 to build a residence but Ogle, who was then a bachelor, was in no hurry to build a residence.</p><br>
<h4>Ogle family ownership begins</h4><br>
<p>Henderson sold the land along with two other parcels known as Woodcock&#39;s Range and Enfield Chase to two partners, Ogle, and Benjamin Tasker, Sr. on March 30, 1737 for the sum of £500.</p><br>
<p>In August, that same year, Ogle bought Taskers half of the property. In 1739, the 47-year-old Ogle married his former partners 18-year-old daughter, Anne Tasker.</p><br>
<h4>Construction to Revolution</h4><br>
<p>In 1740, Ogle was dispatched to England following England&#39;s declaration of war against Spain and left Tasker with power of attorney and "the task of supervising the construction of a new house at Belair." In 1747, Ogle returned to Maryland with his new bride to occupy his new home which was "the grandest in the region" visible from much of the surrounding area and "affording its owners a magnificent, all-encompassing view of their plantation." Ogle brought with him, two famous English horses and the first English-bred Thoroughbreds imported into Maryland, Queen Mab and Spark, both gifts of Lord Baltimore, establishing the Belair Stud.</p><br>
<p>The Ogle family maintained two residences upon return, one in town at the intersection of King George Street and College Avenue in Annapolis (now referred to as Ogle Hall, which houses the US Naval Academys Alumni Hall) and Belair, the Governors country seat.</p><br>
<p>Upon his death in 1752, Samuel Ogle left the following to his 3 year old son Benjamin Ogle:</p><br>
<p>Samuel Ogle had also named Tasker to be his sons guardian and manage the estate. At the age of 10, Benjamin Ogle was sent to England for formal education and returned 11 years later in 1770 to find Taskers daughters and their husbands living in the estate. Ogle sued to have ownership and occupy the mansion. The court ruled in his favor in 1774 and he took possession of the estate.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Ogle became a friend of George Washington whose presidential records show he dined at Belair on October 1, 1773 and that Washington frequently sought Ogle&#39;s counsel.</p><br>
<h4>Post Revolution to Civil War</h4><br>
<p>Benjamin Ogle operated Belair and gained prominence as a gentleman. He was elected Governor of Maryland in 1798. That same year the Direct Federal Tax assessment listed Belair as containing:</p><br>
<p>He continued to prosper until his death in 1809 when the property was inherited by his son, Benjamin Ogle II. Ogle II operated the estate and stud farm until his death in 1844 when his two sons, George Cooke Ogle and Richard Lowndes Ogle divided the estate into two parcels. George took the parcel with the mansion and Richard moved to a house on his parcel known as Bladen (which was torn down in the 1960s to make way for the Kenilworth Elementary School). When George took possession of the deed to Belair, it carried an interesting restriction: George&#39;s youngest sister, Rosalie Ogle, must be able to remain in her room in the mansion as long as she remained single. She chose a large room of 17 by 20 feet on the upper floor.</p><br>
<h4>Civil War and the end of Ogle Ownership</h4><br>
<p>As Belair was a slave-operated plantation, the ratification of the Maryland Constitution of 1864 which emancipated the slaves in the state effectively ended its operation as a plantation. In 1867, Dr. George C. Ogle reported to the Maryland State Commissioner of Slave Statistics that he had freed 41 slaves, 24 of them 18 years or younger. Belair, like other plantations, was "possessed of huge tracts of land but suddenly without the built-in workforce to make them productive, they were often unable to meet mortgage debts or to pay taxes." By 1870, the house had fallen into bad repair and George Ogle was in debt of $7,400 to his brother-in-law William Henry Tayloe of Virginia as well as several lesser debts to others including $2,400 to the estate of Maria Jackson, being executed by James Mullikin. In 1871 Ogle defaulted on the latter debt, Mullikin filed suit and the court ruled the Belair be sold to satisfy the debt. The property was described in the auction notices as:</p><br>
<p>The property was sold to the executors of the estate of the mortgage holder, William Henry Tayloe on May 16, 1871. The winning bidders were Thomas Munford and Henry Augustine Tayloe II who paid $5,100 but the contingency remained on the deed and Rosalie Ogle remained in the house.</p><br>
<h3>Changing hands</h3><br>
<p>In 1877, Munford and Tayloe sold the property for $17,000 to Edward T. Rutter. Belair subsequently changed hands numerous times while it continued to fall further into disrepair. The property was divided into smaller parcels, some of which were then recombined. By 1896, ownership of most of the land had passed to Benjamin N. Hardisty.</p><br>
<h3>Woodward Era</h3><br>
<h4>James T. Woodward</h4><br>
<p>In 1898, Hardestys land was surveyed to be 371.4 acre including the mansion and the stables and was purchased for $10 and undisclosed sum by wealthy banker James T. Woodward. James maintained residences in New York, Rhode Island as well as at Belair. During this time, he developed a very close relationship with Saint Johns College in Annapolis and was elected to its board of visitors. Woodward invested significantly in both repairing Belair and expanding St. John&#39;s during this time. He died in 1910 having never married.</p><br>
<h4>William Woodward, Sr.</h4><br>
<p>His nephew, wealthy lawyer and banker, William Woodward, Sr. inherited the estate in 1910 and expanded the building in 1914 to a five-part house by the additions of two wings and hyphens. The expansion became a noted work of the architects Delano & Aldrich.</p><br>
<p>During this period, William opportunistically bought up adjacent tracts of land including purchases from the Magruder family</p><br>
<p>and the nearby Fairview Plantation of Oden Bowie and began developing the Belair Stud.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, he entered his first two-year-olds into competition, and in 1923 Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons arrived at Belair as trainer who eventually brought the Belair Stud two Triple Crown champions, a feat matched by only one other stable. Woodward died in 1953, leaving the estate to his son William Woodward, Jr.</p><br>
<h4>William Woodward, Jr.</h4><br>
<p>Woodward Jr. became an avid horse racing enthusiast. After his father&#39;s death, he took over operation of Belair for a brief period before he was fatally shot in his Oyster Bay, New York estate by his wife in 1955.</p><br>
<h3>Belair Development</h3><br>
<p>By the time of Woodward Jr&#39;s death, the estate had grown back to 2,280 acre and was purchased at auction by Levitt and Sons in August 1957 for $1,750,000. Levitt used the building and the stables as corporate offices as they developed their suburban housing development, "Belair at Bowie." In 1964, Levitt sold the mansion and 5.5894 acre of land including the Ogle cemetery to the City of Bowie for the price of $1 to be used as City Hall</p><br>
<p>Forty years after its construction, the Belair Development was listed on the Maryland Inventory of Historic Sites.</p><br>
<h3>Belair today</h3><br>
<p>Today the mansion, located at 12207 Tulip Grove Drive in Bowie, Maryland, is owned by the City of Bowie and functions as a museum as does the nearby Belair Stable Museum.</p><br>
<p>Both the mansion and stables are listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural Details</h2><br>
<p>Based on Palladian architecture stressing symmetry, the original structure has two long façades featuring a central door and balanced number of windows on each side. Four chimneys support nine fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>From the National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form:</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>At the edge of the mansion grounds is a small cemetery containing the grave of Benjamin Ogle II whose tombstone states that he died on April 4, 1845 while other sources have him dying in 1844.</p><br>
<p>Others interred:</p><br>
<p>Ogle II&#39;s wife Anna Maria Cooke Ogle (1777–1856)</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Ogle III (1796–1839) who committed suicide following financial failure.</p><br>
<p>Priscilla Mackall Ogle (1825–1859)</p><br>
<p>Anna Maria Ogle (1849–1851)</p><br>
<p>The Vermio Mountains , the ancient Bermion , is a mountain range in northern Greece. It lies between the Imathia Regional Unit of the Central Macedonia Region and the Kozani Regional Unit of the Western Macedonia Region. The range is west of the plain of Kambania. The town of Veria, which is the capital of Imathia, is built οn the foot of these mountains. The highest point in the range is the peak Chamiti , 2,065 m elevation, west of Naousa.</p><br>
<p>The Vermion Mountains are the site of ski resorts such as Seli and Tria Pente Pigadia.</p><br>
<p>Mentioned in antiquity by Pliny, Strabo,Stephen of Byzantium, Hierocles, Ptolemy, and Thucydides and Herodotus. In classical times the mountain was though by Herodotus to be impassible and according to tradition, paradise was to be held on the other side. During Hellenistic times was an internal boundary of the Macedonian state.</p><br>
<p>The Belair Stable Museum is located at 2835 Belair Drive in Bowie, Maryland. It is operated by the City of Bowie, Maryland. The building once housed the Belair Stud Farm until 1957 when the Woodward family sold the Belair Estate to Levitt & Sons for the construction of Belair at Bowie.</p><br>
<p>This U-shaped sandstone equine stable was built in 1907 for James T. Woodward, then owner of the Belair Mansion. The elaborate stable building reflects Belair’s long and distinguished association with thoroughbred horse racing and breeding.</p><br>
<p>The stable sits on 2 acre located about 1000 feet northeast of the Belair Mansion. Once part of the large estate, the stable building is now surrounded by residential development. The building itself is a U-shaped structure with a -story main block and single-story flanking wings, forming an open exercise yard to the center.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>The Sleepers are two mountain peaks located in Grafton County, New Hampshire, part of the Sandwich Range of the White Mountains. The Sleepers are flanked to the northwest by Mount Tripyramid, to the northeast by Mount Passaconaway, and to the southeast by Mount Whiteface.</p><br>
<p>They are named in honor of Katherine Sleeper, a local innkeeper who was heavily involved in trail development in the area. The Kate Sleeper Trail, which passes close by both the east and west peaks, is also named after her.</p><br>
<p>The southwest side of the Sleepers drains into Slide Brook and Cascade Brook, both of which drain into Avalanche Brook, thence into the Mad River, Pemigewasset River, Merrimack River, and into the Gulf of Maine at Newburyport, Massachusetts. The northeast side of the Sleepers drains into Sabbaday Brook and Downes Brook, which both drain into the Swift River, thence into the Saco River, and into the Gulf of Maine at Saco, Maine. The south end of East Sleeper drains into the Whiteface River, thence into the Cold River, Bearcamp River, Ossipee River, and the Saco River.</p><br>
<p>East Sleeper is on the Appalachian Mountain Club&#39;s list of the "Hundred Highest" peaks in New England. West Sleeper is actually higher still, but the ridge connecting it to South Tripyramid is high enough to deny it the 200 ft (61 m) of topographic prominence to qualify for the list. A maintained trail passes close by the summit, from which an obvious spur path leads to the top.</p><br>
<p>The Sleepers stand in the middle of the Sandwich Range Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode River is a 3 mi tidal tributary of the West River in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It is south of the South River.</p><br>
<p>These are its named tidal creeks and coves starting at the upper end and going clockwise, with a lower-order tributary listed after the "&" symbol:</p><br>
<p>*Muddy Creek</p><br>
<p>*Fox Creek</p><br>
<p>*Sheephead Cove</p><br>
<p>*Sellman Creek</p><br>
<p>*Bear Neck Creek & Whitemarsh Creek</p><br>
<p>*Cadle Creek</p><br>
<p>*Boathouse Cove</p><br>
<p>YMCA Camp Letts sits on a peninsula at the northern end of the Rhode River, and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center occupies most of the northwestern shore of the Rhode River.</p><br>
<h2>Carrs Wharf</h2><br>
<p>Carrs Wharf is a community park on the Rhode River.</p><br>
<h2>Early settlement</h2><br>
<p>Rhode River Hundred is listed in records of some of the earliest settlements in the Province of Maryland. In 1651, Robert Harwood surveyed Harwood Plantation on the Rhode River. A deed was written by Thomas Harwood of Streatley, Berks County (Berkshire), England to his son Richard Harwood for Hookers Purchase at the head of Muddy Creek.</p><br>
<p>The steamboat Emma Giles served the Rhode River between 1891 and 1932, making five trips per week.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Bigheart is a historic commercial building in the town of Barnsdall, Oklahoma. It originally housed the first bank in Barnsdall, which was originally named Bigheart, Oklahoma. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 23, 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed during the peak of the oil boom in Osage County. In April 1911 a tornado destroyed much of the town which was known as Bigheart at that time. (The name was changed in 1921). The building was constructed in 1911. The first floor of the building originally contained the Bank of Bigheart. The bank was renamed the Barnsdall State Bank in 1925. which remained in the building until 1976, when it relocated to the present-day American Heritage Bank building. It has since contained a variety of businesses including a drug store and tavern. The second floor was originally used for professional offices and continued to do so at least through the 1980s, but has been vacant since then. It is the oldest surviving commercial building in Barnsdall. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 23, 1984.</p><br>
<p>According to the Bigheart Times, Other tenants in the building have included the town of Barnsdall, which used it as a city hall and as a library, International Order of Oddfellows (IOOF) and its auxiliary( the Rebekah Lodge). The ground floor currently has two retail tenants: a flower shop called Twig and Berries, and The Hen House, which sells handcrafted items, as well as fresh eggs. In 2014, Cliff Taylor, the current owner of the building began a renovation program by replacing all of the windows on the second floor.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is an example of late Richardsonian Romanesque architecture. It is built of native sandstone. The lower level features large arched windows typical of Richardsonian Romanesque buildings. The upper story has smaller deeply set window with straight tops which are arranged in ribbon-like fashion, while the roof line features crenelations, both of which are characteristic of Richardsonian Romanesque. It is one of four small bank buildings built in Richardsonian Romanesque style in Osage County, Oklahoma during 1904-1911. The others are Bank of Hominy, Bank of Burbank, and Osage Bank of Fairfax.</p><br>
<p>Tell Ashtara  also Aštartu, was a site south of Damascus mentioned in the Amarna letters correspondence of 1350 BC. In the Amarna letters the city is named Aštartu, and is usually identified with the Biblical Ashteroth Karnaim.</p><br>
<p>Aštartu is only referenced in two letters of the 382 letter corpus, in letters EA 256, and EA 197: (titled: "Biryawazas plight"), -(EA is for el Amarna&#39;). Biryawaza was the mayor of Damascus-called Dimasqu.</p><br>
<p>EA 256 is a story concerning Mutbaal, the son of Labaya, and the Habiru, and concerns the whereabouts of Ayyab, who may be in Pihilu, modern day Pella, Jordan, and is a letter of intrigue, titled: "Oaths and denials", and lists 7 cities located in the Golan area. Ayyab is the king of Aštartu and does author one letter to the Egyptian pharaoh, letter EA 364.</p><br>
<p>Lower Curtis Glacier is in North Cascades National Park in the USA state of Washington. Named for photographer Asahel Curtis, the glacier is in a cirque on the western slopes of Mount Shuksan. Lower Curtis Glacier is rapidly retreating and has a negative mass balance, meaning that the rate of snow and ice that is falling in the accumulation zone is less than that which is lost each year in the ablation zone. Between 1908 and 1984, the glacier experienced a loss of thickness by 45 meters . Between 1984 and 2002, the glacier lost another 6 meters  in thickness. Lower Curtis Glacier also lost 28% of its surface area between the end of the little ice age  and 1950. Between the years 1951 and 1979, the glacier actually lengthened by 245 meters  but has retreated 184 m  since 1985, partly due to the tongue of the glacier being on a steep precipice which may have increased the loss of ice at the termini.</p><br>
<p>Black Star Canyon is a remote mountain canyon in the Santa Ana Mountains, located in eastern Orange County, California. It is a watershed of the Santa Ana River. Black Star Canyon is a popular destination for mountain bikers due to its wild scenery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Tongva-Gabrieliño</h3><br>
<p>Black Star Canyon is perhaps best known to historians as an important archaeological site as much information concerning the daily lives of the Tongva-Gabrieliño people has been uncovered through studies of artifacts found in the canyon. It is known that many of the native Tongva people fled to the mountains in the summer, searching not only for relief from the heat, but also for acorns, their main source of food, which were easy to find among the canyons many mature oak trees. It is very likely that the settlement – located in the upper part of the canyon – was inhabited for only part of the year. The site of the settlement is now California Historical Landmark number 217. Indian settlements were very sporadic, as the grizzly bear population of the Santa Anas was comparatively high for such a small mountain range. Signs of Indian habitation, such as the pothole&#39; grinding rocks, are found only in canyons, such as Black Star or Bell Canyon, where grizzly populations were known to have been low. The canyon to the north, Fremont, has just as many oak trees and forage sources as Black Star, with no archaeological traces of any human habitation, likely because the canyon was home to many bears.</p><br>
<p>According to a story recounted by early settler J.E. "Judge" Pleasants, an armed conflict between American fur trappers, led by William Wolfskill, and a group of Tongva Indians occurred in 1831.</p><br>
<p>"The story of the battle, the bloodiest in the history of the Santa Ana Mountains, was told seventy years ago by William Wolfskill to J. E. Pleasants, and was repeated to us by Mr. Pleasants. The Indians were very fond of horseflesh. Ranchos were lacking in means of defense in the days when the missions were breaking up and Indians from the mountains and desert used to have no trouble in stealing herds of horses from the Spaniards. A party of trappers came across from New Mexico in 1831. Their long rifles and evident daring offered to the troubled dons a solution to their horse-stealing difficulties. Americans were not any too welcome in the Mexican pueblo of Los Angeles, and it was with a desire to please the Spaniards in this foreign land a long way from the United States that the American trappers agreed to run down the Indian horsethieves.</p><br>
<p>The trail of the stolen band of horses was followed across the Santa Ana River, eastward through what is now Villa Park and up the Santiago Canyon to the mouth of Canyon de los Indios... Here, the trail turned into mountain fastnesses, into the unknown mountains, covered heavily with brush. With every turn a favorable spot for ambush, the frontiersmen made their way carefully. The trail took the men up a steep mountainside, and, after two or three hours of climbing there was laid out before them a little valley with grassy slopes and hillsides, upon which horses were quietly grazing. Smoke was coming from fires in the age-old campground of the Indians at the lower end of the valley. The Indians were feasting on juicy horseflesh. Perhaps it was the crack of a long rifle, the staggering of a mortally wounded Indian that gave the natives their first warning of the presence of an enemy. Among the oaks and boulders an unequal battle was fought. There were no better marksmen on earth than these trappers. They had killed buffalo. They had fought the Comanche and Apache. They were a hardy, fearless lot, else they would not have made their way across the hundreds of miles of unknown mountain and desert that laid between New Mexico and California. The Indians were armed with a few old Spanish blunderbuss muskets and with bows and arrows.</p><br>
<p>The battle was soon over. Leaving their dead behind them, the Indians who escaped the bullets of the trappers scrambled down the side of the gorge and disappeared in the oaks and brush. Of those who had begun the fight, but a few got away. The stolen horses were quickly rounded up. Some of them were animals stolen months before. The herd was driven down the trail to the Santiago and a day or two later, the horses were delivered to their owners. In the battle, not one of the frontiersmen was wounded."</p><br>
<h3>Spanish, Mexican, early American eras</h3><br>
<p>Under Spanish, and later Mexican rule, the canyon was called Cañada de los Indios. Much of grassy foothill terrain to the west (across Irvine Lake) was part of the expansive Mexican land grant of "Rancho Lomas de Santiago (Ranch of Saint James&#39; Hills)". The rancho later fell into the hands of the pioneer and horticulturalist William Wolfskill, and finally James Irvine, before becoming part of the Cleveland National Forest in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>After discovering coal deposits in the canyon, August Witte founded the Black Star Coal Mining Company in 1879, which gave the canyon its current name. The coal was originally dug from a shallow pit on the hill just east of the canyon mouth, used almost exclusively by the canyons few residents. While the operation lasted, six to ten tons of medium- to low-grade coal were extracted each day from the mines 900 feet of tunnel. From there, mule teams hauled the cargo to Anaheim or Los Angeles by wagon. However, a survey was run of the mine in the late 1870s, previously thought to be operating on government land, and it was found that the land actually belonged to the Irvine Ranch. Promptly losing interest in the mine, James Irvine sold the operation back to its former owners, destroying any possibility of profit.</p><br>
<p>The Black Star mining operation was later replaced by the Santa Clara Mine, a more successful enterprise that sustained the town of Carbondale (once existed at the mouth of Silverado canyon), before it was taken over by AT&SF Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The armed conflict in 1831 between trappers led by William Wolfskill and Native Americans has led to many urban legends stating the mine is haunted to this day.</p><br>
<p>The mine has operated on and off until it closed for good in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>Traces of the Black Star mining operation can still be found, including rusted mining equipment, abandoned shafts, and piles of low-grade coal scattered about the floor of the canyon (similar to those found in Fremont Canyon to the north). In the early 1920s, the United States Forest Service built a narrow but well-graded road up Black Star Canyon and down the eastern slope of the mountains to Corona, thus opening the ranchlands of the upper canyon to hikers. Today, public access to the canyon&#39;s upper reaches in the Cleveland National Forest is currently allowed via a county easement through the lower section of the canyon, although Orange County officials do not maintain the road.</p><br>
<p>The lower part of the canyon, along both sides of Black Star Canyon Road from Santiago Canyon Road, is OC Parks property. The area is open for scheduled programs only, managed by Irvine Ranch Conservancy. This portion of the canyon is part of a National Natural Landmark, known as the Irvine Ranch Natural Landmarks. A listing of programs is available on the Landmarks&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The beginning of the canyon is marked with signs which declare the road as private, which is half-true since the lower part of the road is privately maintained, although the county and, therefore the forest service, have an easement of public right-of-passage on the road, and have had that right for many decades.</p><br>
<p>Although Black Star Canyon has many roads and trails for hikers and mountain bikers, there have been many reports throughout the years of locals shooting at people passing through. There are many “Private Property” or “Trespassing” signs but according to authorities, they are not official and are used by the locals to scare off people passing by. “The Orange County Sheriffs Office has confirmed that all of the trail is in fact open to the public, and those signs were hung some time ago by squatters attempting to keep people off the land.” There are also many signs throughout the area filled with bullet holes.</p><br>
<h2>Stories and legends</h2><br>
<h3>Hidden Ranch murder</h3><br>
<p>The canyon would find itself the scene of a second murder. In 1899, long after the canyon had been settled by both Anglo-American and Mexican homesteaders, a shooting occurred at Hidden Ranch that would forever change Orange County&#39;s early political scene.</p><br>
<p>‘Perhaps no death by violence touched the public career of any man in the county so much as did the killing of James Gregg on June 9, 1899, affect the career of its superior court judge, the late J. W. Ballard. The Hidden Ranch at that time was in the hands of Henry Hungerford of Norwalk and George M. Howard of Anaheim. At the ranch with them was Hungerford’s brother, Thomas L. Hungerford. On the evening of June 8, James M. Gregg of Centralia and his brother-in-law, Decatur Harris, and a 13-year-old boy, Clinton Hunt, arrived for the purpose of driving out some stock that Gregg owned. Gregg and Henry Hungerford quarreled. It seems that Howard owed Gregg $10 on a horse trade, and Gregg insisted that Hungerford and Howard accept $7.50 in settlement of their pasturage bill of $17.50.</p><br>
<p>That night, Gregg, Harris and the boy slept on the ground in front of the house. When Gregg was rolling up his blankets the next morning, Henry Hungerford came out and the dispute resumed. It ended in shooting. The Hungerfords, each armed with a shotgun, and Gregg, with a revolver, fought it out. When the shooting ceased, Gregg was on the ground with charges of birdshot and buckshot through him. The Hungerfords hitched up a horse and drove down Black Star and on into Santa Ana, where they gave themselves up to Sheriff Theo Lacy. In the meantime, Gregg was laid in a spring wagon by Harris and the boy and was being taken to a doctor when, near the Irvine Park in Santiago canyon, the wagon was met by Sheriff Lacy and District Attorney R. Y. Williams. A doctor was found at El Modena and it was at a house in El Modena that Gregg died. The trial before Judge Ballard resulted in the conviction of Henry Hungerford.</p><br>
<p>In those days killings were infrequent and a trial of this kind created an interest that was widespread and intense. Public sentiment was against the defendants. Following conviction, a new trial was sought, and unexpectedly Judge Ballard granted the motion on the ground that not enough evidence had been produced to warrant the verdict. Having presented all the evidence available there was nothing for the district attorney to do but ask for the dismissal of the case. Soon afterward, Judge Ballard came up for re-election, with Z. B. West as his opponent. Judge Ballard’s decision in the Hungerford case was the outstanding issue of the campaign, which was vigorous and which resulted in the defeat of Judge Ballard.’</p><br>
<p>Clifton Observatory is a former mill, now used as an observatory, located on Clifton Down, close to the Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected, with the permission of the Society of Merchant Venturers, as a windmill for corn in 1766 and later converted to the grinding of snuff, when it became known as The Snuff Mill. This was damaged by fire on 30 October 1777, when the sails were left turning during a gale and caused the equipment to catch alight. It was then derelict for 52 years until in 1828 William West, an artist, rented the old mill, for 5 shillings (25p) a year, as a studio.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the Merchant Venturers sold the observatory to Honorbrook Inns; however, they were obliged to maintain public access to the camera obscura whose ownership was retained by the Merchant Venturers.</p><br>
<p>It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building and is on the Buildings at Risk Register. In February 2015 the Observatory was bought by Ian Johnson, a local Bristol-based entrepreneur, who was born in Clifton not far from the Observatory.</p><br>
<h2>Camera obscura</h2><br>
<p>West installed telescopes and a camera obscura, which were used by artists of the Bristol School to draw the Avon Gorge and Leigh Woods on the opposite side. and were based on the work of William Fox Talbot.</p><br>
<p>A 5" (13 cm) convex lens and sloping mirror were installed on the top of the tower; these project the panoramic view vertically downward into the darkened room below. Visitors view the true image (not a mirror image) on a fixed circular table 5 feet (1.5m) in diameter, with a concave metal surface, and turn the mirror by hand to change the direction of view.</p><br>
<h2>Cave</h2><br>
<p>West also built a tunnel from the Observatory to St Vincents Cave (also known as Ghystons Cave or Giants Cave), which opens onto St Vincents Rocks on the cliff face, 250 ft above the floor of the Avon gorge and 90 ft below the cliff top. The tunnel which is 200 ft long, took two years to build at a cost of £1300, and first opened to the public in 1837.</p><br>
<p>This cave was first mentioned as being a chapel in the year AD 305 and excavations, in which Romano-British pottery has been found, have revealed that it has been both a holy place and a place of refuge at various times in its history. Although the cave is in limestone, there are few formations in the natural passages.</p><br>
<p>Ben Lomond is a mountain located close to Queenstown, New Zealand. It was named after Ben Lomond in Scotland by the early shepherd Duncan McAusland. The summit lies approximately 4 km northwest of the town centre, and reaches a height of 1,748 m.</p><br>
<p>Connected to Ben Lomond is the large but slightly shorter Bowen Peak (1,631 m) and Bob&#39;s Peaks while nearby is the dominant feature of Queenstown Hill. There are scenic views available from a range of places on the mountain with the very top giving a 360-degree panorama of much of the Wakatipu Basin including Lake Wakatipu, The Remarkables Mountains, Cecil Peak and Walter Peak.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Ben Lomond track can be accessed via three main routes that start at the One Mile Carpark, the access road on Lomond Crescent or from the Skyline Building on Brecon Street.</p><br>
<p>If using the third option the easiest form of access is via the Skyline Gondola which takes you part way up the mountain, with foot access from the same location via the Tiki Trail.</p><br>
<p>Alternative much harder routes are from the Moonlight Track strating at either Moke Lake or Arthurs Point which both lead to the Ben Lomond saddle. There are also several entrances in the suburb of Fernhill.</p><br>
<h2>Tracks</h2><br>
<p>The main track runs through exotic Douglas Fir forest upwards passing occasionally through Mountain Beech before opening up into tussock grasslands. The track follows a ridgeline up to the saddle between Ben Lomond and Bowen Peak before becoming quite steep for the summit track to the top.</p><br>
<p>There are many smaller tracks other than the one that leads to the summit:</p><br>
<p>The Fernhill Link Track is an easy grade track that links the suburbs of Fernhill and Sunshine Bay with Queenstown. There are several bridges that pass over streams.</p><br>
<p>The Fernhill Loop Track is a large medium fitness level walk or bike that runs through Mountain Beech forest but is currently closed due to maintenance issues.</p><br>
<p>From the One Mile Powerhouse carpark there is a track that runs up and follows a stream through native forest, later on it turns into Douglas Fir forest. These tracks are just a selection of many that criss-cross Ben Lomond&#39;s slopes.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>There are a variety of walking/biking tracks on Ben Lomond most of which are located in area around the base called the Ben Lomond Scenic Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The biking activities in the area are extensive and include a network of trails for Downhill mountain biking. These can be accessed either by biking uphill, using a vehicle to transport the bikes or the popular Skyline Gondola option.</p><br>
<p>Foot access is also available on a vehicle service road which services the businesses on Cemetery Hill (misnamed Bob&#39;s Peak). The main access routes from the bottom are either via the One Mile carpark or the Skyline access road. Both tracks join and then follow a ridge up to a saddle before a steep route on private land leads to the peak, most of the route is clearly marked.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery Hill, misnamed Bob's Peak</h2><br>
<p>Highly visible from Queenstown is Cemetery Hill (misnamed several years ago as Bobs Peak) which is part of Ben Lomond. Although mainly covered in Douglas Fir forest, Cemetery Hill is used by several businesses for leisure activities – the most visible is the Skyline Complex and associated Luge Track. Paragliding occurs regularly depending on the weather. A zipline flying fox company also operates near the complex, the lines running down as far as Brecon Street. While this is the common usage location for Bobs Peak, most maps actually point to a different location. (The actual location is officially recognised on accurate maps of the Moke Lake area).</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>At lower levels there is a large forest of Douglas fir which is often incorrectly referred to as a pine tree. There are small pockets of mountain beech left which are slowly being crowded out by the faster-growing fir trees. At higher levels there are larger patches of beech forest and large tracts of native tussock and herbfields.</p><br>
<p>The most common bird seen is the New Zealand pipit which flits around the tussocks looking for food. Also commonly seen are tui and bellbirds. Less common are the tomtit, Australasian harrier, wood pigeon and occasionally kea.</p><br>
<p>Numerous feral goats can be seen and smelt all over the mountain. As part of Ben Lomond forms the Ben Lomond Station there are also many domestic cattle and sheep especially on the trail from the saddle to Arthurs Point.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation due to exotic forest spread</h2><br>
<p>Douglas Fir forest was originally sown on the lower slopes of Cemetery Hill in the late 19th century as part of a beautification project led by a local pharmacist Louis Hotop. In the early to mid 20th century further plantings became part of the towns Arbor Day activities. Since the 1960s, following the culling of feral goats, which up to then had kept seedling-spread in check, they have rapidly grown and have been spreading quickly up and along Ben Lomonds slopes. The Department of Conservation did some control operations, but the responsibility has since passed on to the local council and various volunteer groups such Eco Action Network.</p><br>
<p>These fir trees, although exotic, grow at a rate faster than in their original homeland of North America and create a monocultural forest devoid of the variety of native vegetation normally growing in the area. It has in some areas overtaken even mature beech forest.</p><br>
<p>Control methods include:</p><br>
<p>Hand pulling small seedlings,</p><br>
<p>lopping the base of larger trees that are about one to three metres high,</p><br>
<p>using chainsaws to chop down big tree above three metres in height,</p><br>
<p>occasionally aerial spraying by helicopter is used in higher altitude areas that are hard to access by foot.</p><br>
<p>The Tarrant County Courthouse, part of the Tarrant County government campus in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, was designed by the architecture firm of Frederick C. Gunn & Louis Curtiss and built by the Probst Construction Company of Chicago, 1893-1895. This pink Texas granite building, in Renaissance Revival style, closely resembles the Texas State Capitol with the exception of the clock tower. The cost was $408,840 USD and citizens considered it such a public extravagance that a new County Commissioners&#39; Court was elected in 1894. In 1958 A Civil Courts Building was constructed on the west side of the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Tarrant County Courthouse&#39;s clock tower had its coming out party on October 23, 2012 after a 14-month, $4.5 million makeover. County officials rededicated the 1895 structure and led about 150 people on a tour of the tower. In 2013, the Civil Courts Building was demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Tarrant County Courthouse currently houses the Tarrant County clerk&#39;s office, probate and county courts at law, a law library, and the Tarrant County facilities management department.</p><br>
<p>The Tarrant County Courthouse was seen in the TV series, Walker, Texas Ranger.</p><br>
<p>The National Negro Opera Company  was the first African-American opera company in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Organized in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, under the direction of Mary Cardwell Dawson, the company was launched with a performance at the local Syria Mosque. The star was La Julia Rhea, and other members included Minto Cato, Carol Brice, Robert McFerrin, and Lillian Evanti. During its 21-year run, NNOC also mounted productions in Washington D.C., New York City, and Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The company disbanded in 1962 upon Dawson&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>Although the company toured nationally, its offices and studios were housed in a three-story Queen Anne-style house at 7101 Apple Street in Pittsburgh&#39;s Homewood neighborhood. Constructed as a private residence, it was purchased by William A. "Woogie" Harris (brother of the famous photographer Charles "Teenie" Harris) in the 1930s. The NNOC moved to Washington, D.C. in 1951, but the company continued to use the third floor as a local guild office and studios until the company disbanded.</p><br>
<p>In 1994 the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission designated the NNOC&#39;s house on Apple Street a historic structure; it became a Pittsburgh City Historic Landmark in 2008. In 2003 and again in 2013, the Young Preservationists of Pittsburgh included the building on their "Top 10" preservation opportunities.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 a local newspaper reported that restoration efforts were underway, led by Jonnet Solomon-Nowlin and a nonprofit, The National Opera House. Solomon stated her organization aimed to transform the historic building into a new arts center.</p><br>
<p>Mount Simeon or Mount Simon , also called Mount Laylūn , is a highland region in Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria. The mountain is located in the Mount Simeon and Aʻzāz districts of Aleppo Governorate.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape</h2><br>
<p>Mount Simeon is part of the Limestone Massif in the western part of the Aleppo plateau. It is located about 20 km northwest of Aleppo. The mountain runs for 50 km from north to south with a width range of 20–40 km and average elevation of 500–600 m. The highest point is Sheikh Barakāt (876 m) in the southern part of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The valley of River ʻIfrīn runs between Mount Simeon and Mount Kurd to the west. Aʻzāz valley marks the northern boundary of the mountain, beyond which lies the Aʻzāz plain and Mount Barṣa (Barṣāyā) on the Aintab plateau. The valley of river Quweiq runs along the eastern side of the mountain. South of the mountain lie the Dāna and Atarib plains. Old routes connecting Qinnasrin to Antioch run through these plains to the ʻIfrīn valley at its westward turn and separate Mount Simeon from Ḥārim Mountains to the south.</p><br>
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<p>Balakun is a Himalayan peak situated in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand state of India. The Balakun peak has the summit at an altitude of 6,471 m in the Garhwal Himalayas. Balakun Peak is located 16 km from Badrinath. Balakun is situated north west to Badrinath. Balakun is situated between Bhagirathi Kharak glacier and Satopanth glacier.The peak is situated north east of Nilkanth peak. The Alaknanda river originates from below this peak by the melting of these two glaciers at an altitude of 3,641 m. The two glaciers rise from the eastern slopes of Chaukhamba  peak and wrap around the Balakun peak. Balakun is situated north of Kunaling  and south of the Arwa Group. The peak was first climbed in 1973 a by six-man team of ITBP led by Hukum Singh.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby glaciers</h2><br>
<p>Bhagirathi Kharak glacier</p><br>
<p>Satopanth glacier</p><br>
<h2>Nearby peaks</h2><br>
<p>Nilkantha 6600 mts</p><br>
<p>Chaukhamba 7140 mts</p><br>
<p>Kunaling 5471 mts</p><br>
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<p>The Mason Cornwall House is located in Northern Idaho at 308 South Hayes Street in Moscow, Idaho. The residence is a Victorian Italianate style house constructed of brick with a stucco finish. It is architecturally significant as one of the finest houses of its period in this area. The Cornwall house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is currently used as a private dwelling.</p><br>
<h2>Construction details</h2><br>
<p>The stucco was applied to the brick in a technique that simulates cut stone. The house was built in 1889 by Lauder and Taylor, builders in the Moscow area. The builder used Troy brick from a brick company in Troy, Idaho to construct the 16 in thick exterior walls on the first floor and 12 in walls on the second floor. This house has other Italianate features including a hipped roof and first story round arch windows which are bordered by a band of molding all the way around the house. There are rusticated quoins located underneath the roof cornice. The 2 ft metal brackets under the eaves are handmade. The original roof was covered with interlocking metal shingles and had a small square structure with windows atop it. The shingles have since been replaced with red tile.</p><br>
<p>Louisville City Hall is a registered historic building in Louisville, Kentucky, placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Completed in 1873 to house the Louisville city government, the structure is located at 601 West Jefferson Street in what became Downtown Louisville, the center of the city&#39;s civic district.</p><br>
<p>Since the merger of the former City of Louisville with Jefferson County, Kentucky, it now primarily houses the offices and chambers of the Louisville Metro Council. The former Jefferson County Courthouse, now known as Louisville Metro Hall, is now primarily home to the offices of the metro mayor of Louisville.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was already Louisville&#39;s civic center. The first log courthouse was built across the street in 1784, and a brick courthouse stood on the site from 1811 to 1837. Prior to the construction of the City Hall, city government officials shared space with the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Before the City Hall&#39;s construction, there was no dedicated building for city government, whose officials used space in the county courthouses. The plan was selected by way of a design competition held in 1867 with the winner receiving $500. The contest was won in April 1867 by local architect John Andrewartha and C.S. Mergell. In late summer 1870, the final plans for City Hall construction were made by Andrewartha, who was named managing architect, and architectural firm C.L. Stancliff and Co. The remaining government buildings were demolished before ground was broken on the city hall in 1870. City engineer I.M. St. John was selected by the Lousivlle General Council to supervise the project.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Limestone, from White River quarries near Salem, Indiana was used. Construction took place between 1870 and 1873 at a final cost of $464,778. The exterior has been renovated several times but remains basically unchanged, while the interior has been completely remodeled several times.</p><br>
<p>A Greco-Roman annex building was built just west of City Hall in 1909. It was designed by Cornelius Curtin. An 1891 firehouse, the next building down Jefferson Street, was integrated to the complex in 1937. The building housed the city&#39;s tax collectors and quickly acquired the name "Sinking Fund Building." By the late 20th century it housed the Inspections, Permits and Licenses Department, which moved out in 2004. All three buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the City Hall Complex in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was a striking blend of Italianate and Second Empire styles, both popular at the time in civic buildings. Designs on the building represented the citys outlook in the post-Civil War era, which was very optimistic. The pediment over the main entrance features a relief of the city seal and a train steaming forward past Southern flora with the inscription, "Progress, 1871." Other engravings, over the tympana of the side windows, depict livestock heads, representing the importance of agriculture in Louisvilles early history.</p><br>
<p>It has three full stories had a raised basement. The most prominent feature is the 195-foot four-faced clock tower with mansard roof, not completed until 1876 after an earlier one burned in 1875. The tower included a three-ton bell which rang until 1964, when the clock broke. It was repaired in 1968 but broke in the 1970s. It was repaired in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Image:Louisville City Hall 1.jpgView from further south on 6th Street</p><br>
<p>Image:Louisville City Hall 2.jpgA view from further southeast of the Hall</p><br>
<p>Image:Louisville city hall detail.jpgDetail of window sculptures</p><br>
<p>The Tubarão River is a river in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical aspects</h2><br>
<p>It originates from the confluence of the Rocinha river and Bonito river in the municipality of Lauro Müller. The Tubarão River flows from the Serra Geral foothills to the Southern Santa Catarina Lagoon System, 75 mi away.</p><br>
<p>The main tributaries are the Braço do Norte river, Capivari river, Laranjeiras river and Congonhas river by the left bank and the Palmeiras river and Azambuja river by the right bank.</p><br>
<p>The major tributary, the Braço do Norte river is, actually, larger than the Tubarão River.</p><br>
<p>The Tubarão River basin drains an area of 2,177 square miles in 20 municipalities comprising a population of about 350,000 people</p><br>
<h2>Anthropical Facts</h2><br>
<h3>Human Occupation</h3><br>
<p>The first human beings to occupy these areas were Sambaqui people circa 5,000 years ago. These peoples lived in the southern Brazilian coast for thousand years and vanished. This very day, it is a mystery their disappearance. They left huge middens as vestiges.</p><br>
<p>Circa the year 1000AD, Guaraní people settled in this same regions previously occupied by the Sambaqui people.</p><br>
<p>The first European to disembark in the Tubarão River were Portuguese missionaries in 1605. They found Guarani tribes livings near the banks. These Jesuits were antagonized by a tribal chief called Tub-Nharô, which means Ferocious Father in the Guarani language. The Jesuits named the river after the chief, however they changed the name&#39;s orthography to Tubarão, which means shark in the Portuguese Language and has a similar pronunciation.</p><br>
<p>By the 1740s, a few adventurers, slave traders and missionaries lived in this region. In those years the Portuguese Empire brought some Azorian families to colonize Southern Brazil.</p><br>
<p>In the later decades of the 1700s the river had important function as a fluvial way linking the Laguna harbor to a small river harbor that connected to the trooper&#39;s way to the uplands. This small river harbor became decades later the city of Tubarão.</p><br>
<p>In 1800s troopers found mineral coal near the banks and the mining operations started in 1884 when the Dona Thereza Christina Railway was inaugurated. In this same period huge mass of Italians and German immigrants settled in the basin.</p><br>
<p>In 1887 and 1974 floods destroyed the cities on the banks, Tubarão was the most affected.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental Problems</h3><br>
<p>The basin has suffered intense environmental degradation since the first coal mine works in the 1880s. This works were made without any environmental or social prudence. The low quality coal produces too many reject material, which was continuously throw away in areas near the Tubarão tributary rivers.</p><br>
<p>The European settlements had their first economy based on familiar agriculture. Poor land practices contributed to the deforestation and consequently soil erosion and sedimentation of the watercourses.</p><br>
<p>The World War II breakout increased the coal mining significantly. It also changed the social-economical relations, the population growth and industries related to this new ascension economy. On the other hand, the environmental and life-quality degradation was in the negative balance.</p><br>
<p>After the 1974 flood the Tubarão river was deeply modified. Levees were built along its banks on the low areas and the river had its course rectified eliminating about 2 mi of its meanders.</p><br>
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<p>The New Albany Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at New Albany, Indiana. The general area is W. First Street to the west, Spring St. to the north, E. Fifth Street to the east, and Main Street to the south. The local specification of the district is between East Fifth Street to West Fifth Street, Culbertson Street to the north, and the Ohio River to the south. East Spring Street Historic District is immediately east of the area, and the Main Street section of the Mansion Row Historic District starts. The area includes the Scribner House, where the founders of New Albany lived. It is also the focal area of the Harvest Homecoming Festival every October.</p><br>
<p>Architectural styles vary, including Beaux-Arts, Chicago Commercial, Federal, Greek Revival, Italianate, Neoclassical, and Renaissance Revival. Prominent buildings in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Elsby Building (1916, Neoclassical)</p><br>
<p>Firestone Building (1937, Art Moderne)</p><br>
<p>New Albany Carnegie Library (1902): Now the Carnegie Center for Art and History</p><br>
<p>Sears Automotive (Art Deco)</p><br>
<p>Town Clock Church (1852, Greek Revival): Originally the Second Presbyterian Church and served the Underground Railroad, it is now the Second Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>Woolworth Building (1910, Chicago Commercial): Site of the chain&#39;s first luncheonette.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>File:Carnegie 47150.jpgCarnegie Center for Art and History</p><br>
<p>File:Scribner House in New Albany.jpgScribner House</p><br>
<p>File:Town Clock Church.jpgTown Clock Church</p><br>
<p>The East Spring Street Historic District is a national historic district located at New Albany, Indiana. The general area is E. Fifth Street to the west, Spring St. to the north, E. Eighth Street to the east, and Market Street to the south. The Cedar Bough Place Historic District is one block north of the area, the New Albany Downtown Historic District is immediately west of the area, and the Market Street section of the Mansion Row Historic District starts. The district encompasses 84 contributing buildings in a largely residential section of New Albany. It developed in the late-19th and early-20th century and includes notable examples of Queen Anne and Italianate style architecture. Notable buildings include the Third Presbyterian Church , St. Mary&#39;s Roman Catholic Church and Rectory , the former John Conner House or Masonic Lodge , and Edwards City Hospital .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>In its prime, it was a haven for those of middle-class and upper-class social status. Many churches are within the area.</p><br>
<p>File:1001Spring47150.jpgColonial Revival home</p><br>
<p>File:East Spring Street in New Albany.jpgQueen-Anne home</p><br>
<p>File:New Albany Masonic Temple.jpgNew Albany Masonic Temple</p><br>
<p>The Mansion Row Historic District is a national historic district located at New Albany, Indiana. It features some of the various mansions of the city when New Albany was the largest city in Indiana around the time of the American Civil War. The main section is on Main Street from State Street , to 15th Street. A smaller section is on Market Street from E. 7th Street to E. 11th Street.</p><br>
<p>Most of the buildings are of the Federal and Italianate styles, but other styles of the mansions are of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Victorian. Most of the oldest of the buildings are of the Federal style, built before Upper High Street was renamed East Main Street.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Asahel Clapp (physician)</p><br>
<p>William Culbertson (merchant)</p><br>
<p>Washington C. DePauw (industrialist)</p><br>
<p>Michael C. Kerr (USA Speaker of the House)</p><br>
<p>William Vaughn Moody (playwright)</p><br>
<h2>Prominent buildings</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Asahel Clapp House (1822), first brick house in New Albany</p><br>
<p>State Bank of Indiana building (1837, Greek Revival) Built at the cost of $40,000, it was the tallest building in New Albany for a time. It was one of the ten original branches of Indiana&#39;s State Bank.</p><br>
<p>Isaac P. Smith House (1847, Greek Revival)</p><br>
<p>Victor Pepin House (1851, Tuscan Italianate Villa), fully restored now "The Pepin Mansion" an Event & Retreat venue, original painted ceilings and more.</p><br>
<p>Sloan-Bicknell-Paris House (1851, Italian Villa), now the Admiral Bicknell Inn, it features a mahogany staircase with a cherry balustrade.</p><br>
<p>Culbertson Mansion State Historic Site (1869, Second Empire)</p><br>
<p>Washington C. DePauw House (1873, Second Empire) was the millionaire&#39;s winter home</p><br>
<p>Culbertson Old Ladies&#39; Home (1873), built by William Culbertson for the benefit of poor widows, it is currently a bed and breakfast, the Mansion at River Walk.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Culbertson House (1887, Queen Anne), built as a wedding present from William Culbertson to his son, it now holds gatherings such as weddings and class reunions.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopalian Church (1896, Gothic Revival)</p><br>
<p>New Albany Masonic Hall (1868 in the Italianate style)</p><br>
<p>John H. and Evan B. Stotsenburg House (1867, Italianate style), 1407 E. Main.</p><br>
<p>File:Culbertson West.jpgSamuel Culbertson House</p><br>
<p>File:Culbertson Widow Home.jpgCulbertson Old Ladies&#39; Home</p><br>
<p>File:Mike Kerr Home.jpgHome of Michael C. Kerr</p><br>
<p>The former Prince Albert City Hall, now the Prince Albert Arts Centre, is a National Historic Site of Canada located at 1010 Central Ave. Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada. Construction on this city Hall started in 1892, and was completed 1893. A. and W.B. Goodfellow Builders built the city hall with clock tower, opera house, and meeting room.</p><br>
<p>As well as being a heritage site, it is still in operation today as the Prince Albert Arts Centre for various visual arts clubs and galleries for exhibitions, including the John V. Hicks Gallery, which features local and regional art exhibitions coordinated by the Prince Albert Council for the Arts. Between 1911 and 1937, the old City Hall helped to house the Prince Albert Public Library in its upstairs rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Holy Family Church was built in 1883 at 1715 Izard Street, at the intersections of 18th and Izard Streets in North Omaha, Nebraska within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha. It is the oldest existing Catholic Church in Omaha, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Holy Family Church was built in 1883 for Irish railroad workers and their families. It was designed by Omaha architects Charles and August Cleves in Gothic Revival and Romanesque Revival Style. The complex includes a parish church, school and rectory. Later, the church served Omahas growing Italian immigrant community. Priests at Holy Family Church were ultimately responsible for establishing Creighton University in the late 1800s. There was also a priest assigned to serve the Omahas Czech immigrant community in 1915.</p><br>
<p>Holy Family Church was regarded as a center of progressive activism in the 1960s and 1970s under the pastorate of Father John McCaslin. David Rice, of the Rice/Poindexter Case, was a guitar player at the church in the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated an Omaha landmark in 1985, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. According to the City of Omaha, Holy Family is the oldest remaining brick church structure in the city.</p><br>
<p>The Islas San Benito lie in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of the Mexican state of Baja California, 25 km west of Cedros Island. They are part of the Cedros Island delegación, a subdivision of Ensenada , Baja California.</p><br>
<p>The group consists of three barren islands, with a total area of 3.899 km, and is surrounded by rocks and patches of kelp. The census of 2001 recorded a population of two on Benito del Oeste (West Benito); the other islands are uninhabited.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Benito del Oeste (West Benito, 2.6 km) is the westernmost and largest island of the group. It appears as a plateau with a mound rising 600 ft (202 m) high near the center. A lighthouse tower, 4 m high, stands in the southern part of the island. The main lighthouse, a prominent, 17 m high tower with a dwelling, stands near the northwest extremity of the island. Rocas Pinaculo, two steep-to rocks, lie 1.6 km west of Benito del Oeste.</p><br>
<p>&#39;Benito del Centro&#39; (Central Benito, 0.4 km) {{coord|28|18|30|N|115|33|54|W|scale:100000}} and &#39;Benito del Este&#39; (East Benito, 0.9 km) {{coord|28|18|03|N|115|32|25|W|scale:100000}}, the other two islands, lie close east of Benito del Oeste and are separated by Canal de Peck, a deep passage just 200 ft (c. 65 m) wide. Benito del Este is characterized by four well-defined hills up to 421 ft (c.140 m) high. Benito del Centro is low and flat with a hill 82 ft (25 m) high rising near its eastern end.</p><br>
<p>The vegetation consists mainly of low shrubs and herbs as well as some large cacti (Cylindropuntia prolifera, C. ramosissima). There are few land animals and no native mammals. Birds are moderately abundant due to the islands&#39; barrenness, but Cassin&#39;s auklet is rather plentiful at breeding time.</p><br>
<h3>Endemism</h3><br>
<p>Due to the islands&#39; remoteness, several endemic taxa have evolved here:</p><br>
<p>Animals:</p><br>
<p>* San Benito side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana stellata</p><br>
<p>* San Benito house finch, Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori – extinct</p><br>
<p>* San Benito sparrow, Passerculus rostratus sanctorum (or Passerculus sandwichensis sanctorum)</p><br>
<p>Plants:</p><br>
<p>* Cryptantha patula – only on West Benito</p><br>
<p>* Dudleya linearis – only on West Benito</p><br>
<p>* Hemizonia streetsii – West and East Benito</p><br>
<p>* Lavatera venosa – all islands</p><br>
<p>* Mammillaria neopalmeri – West and East Benito</p><br>
<p>* Senecio benedictus – only on West Benito</p><br>
<p>The Guide Falls and Upper Guide Falls, a tieredcascade waterfall on the Guide River, is located in the North West region of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The waterfalls are situated about 19km south of at an elevation of 187 m above sea level and descend in the range of 22 -.</p><br>
<p>To access the falls from Burnie, take the road towards Cradle Mountain, and then turn right just outside the boundary of Ridgley and continue down into the gully and turn left at a posted gate sign. Once entered, the Guide River is to the right and continue to drive up the gravel road where the falls are located. The top is safe and there are great view from the fenced lookout. There is also a set of steps that lead down to the bottom of the falls. Around the vicinity there are also picnic tables and barbecue areas.</p><br>
<p>Mount Collins is a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains, located in the Southeastern United States. It has an elevation of 6,188 ft above sea level. Located along the Appalachian Trail between Clingmans Dome and Newfound Gap, the mountain is a popular destination for thru-hikers. A backcountry shelter and a major trail junction are located along the mountains northeastern slope. The mountains summit is located amidst the Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest that covers much of the upper elevations in the central Smokies.</p><br>
<p>Like most of the Smokies crest, Mount Collins is situated along the Tennessee-North Carolina border, with Sevier County to the north and Swain County to the south. The mountain rises approximately 4,000 ft above its southeastern base near Bryson City and just over 3,000 ft above its northwestern base near Meigs Post Prong. The mountain is the 25th-highest mountain in the Eastern United States, the 7th-highest in Tennessee, and the 10th-highest in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Sugarland Mountain massif&mdash; which rises in the Sugarlands and stretches nearly 10 mi across the north-central section of the park&mdash; intersects the Smokies crest at the summit of Mount Collins. Two major watersheds&mdash; Little River and the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River&mdash; have their sources high on the mountain&#39;s northern slopes. The former flows down to Townsend and drains the northwestern Smokies before emptying into the Tennessee River. The latter drains the north-central section of the park, flowing through the Sugarlands, Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge, and Sevierville en route to the French Broad River.</p><br>
<p>Mount Collins is named after Robert Collins, an Oconaluftee resident who guided Arnold Guyot across the crest of the Smokies in the late 1850s. In 1859, Guyot correctly measured the mountain&#39;s summit at 6,188 ft. While originally named "Mount Collins", the mountain was known as "Meigs Post" throughout the late-19th century and early-20th century after a station constructed by Return Meigs near its summit. In 1931, Horace Kephart requested the mountain be named for him, but due to protests from Tennesseans (who favored their statesman Robert Collins over the North Carolinian Kephart), he settled on the mountain that now bears his name several miles to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking trails</h2><br>
<p>Several major trails intersect atop Mount Collins. The Appalachian Trail crosses the summit from southwest to northeast, with Clingmans Dome nearly 4 mi to the west and Newfound Gap just over 3 mi to the east. The Sugarland Mountain Trail intersects the Appalachian Trail a few hundred meters from the summit, and connects the Smokies crest with the Sugarlands and Elkmont areas to the north. The Mountains-to-Sea Trail, which connects the crest of the Smokies with the Atlantic Ocean, also intersects the Appalachian Trail near the summit, just opposite the Sugarland Mountain Trail junction (this leg of the MST is called "Fork Ridge Trail" on park maps). The Noland Divide Trail descends Collins&#39; south slope, connecting the Appalachian Trail to Bryson City, North Carolina. All of these trails can be accessed from Clingmans Dome Road, which is typically open between April 1 and December 1 (in winter, the A.T. can be accessed from USA Route 441 at Newfound Gap).</p><br>
<p>The Mount Collins Shelter is located along the Sugarland Mountain Trail, a half-mile north of the Appalachian Trail junction. The shelter can accommodate 12 backpackers.</p><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Each is a Scottish mountain situated in the group of hills known as the Fannichs. It is 27 km south of Ullapool in the Ross and Cromarty district of the Highland council area.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Each is not an easy mountain to view from any main road, being set in the interior of the Fannichs with lines of sight often blocked by the other nine Munros in the group. It overlooks Loch Fannich and reaches a height of 923 m making it the 266th highest Munro. Its name originates from the Gaelic language and translates as “Peak of the Horses”.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Each stands on a spur that goes south off the main Fannichs ridge. This ridge, which is scalloped and steep on its eastern side, also contains the adjoining and higher Munro of Sgùrr nan Clach Geala, which stands 2 km to the north. The two mountains are joined by a ridge that is sharp in places and provides some minor scrambling and has a low point of 815 m. Sgùrr nan Each falls away abruptly on its eastern flanks with crags in places to the valley of the Allt a’ Choire Mhòir. To the west, the slopes are grassy and moderate down to the 700 m contour before falling abruptly to the head of Loch Fannich. To the south, the ridge continues over the subsidiary top of Sgùrr a&#39; Chadha Dheirg (866 m) before dropping down to the shores of Loch Fannich.</p><br>
<p>All drainage from the mountain goes south to Loch Fannich to find its way to the Cromarty Firth via the rivers Grudie and Conon. The mountain is made up of the metamorphic rock schist with infusions of mica and quartz. The mountain lies within the Fannich Hills Site of Special Scientific Interest and Special Area of Conservation because of its profusion of bogs, marshes, and water-fringed vegetation, although the area is primarily managed as a deer forest, and herds can be regularly seen in the corries and on the lower slopes of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Each is one the minor peaks of the Fannichs, therefore it is invariably climbed in junction with other hills of the group. The most popular ascent is from the north, starting at a lay by on the A832 road at grid reference. This route climbs the Munros of Meall a&#39; Chrasgaidh and Sgùrr nan Clach Geala first before continuing south along the ridge to the top of Sgùrr nan Each. It is also possible to climb the highest peak of the Fannichs, Sgùrr Mòr, on this walk by an out and back trip from the col between the first two Munros.</p><br>
<p>An approach from the south is possible but a mountain bike is required for the 15 km ride to the foot of the south ridge. The ride uses the hydro road from the locked gates at Grudie on the A835 at grid reference. The road is tarmac as far as the Fannich dam then becomes a track which passes Fannich Lodge to reach the south ridge from where the mountain can be climbed. A number of years ago it was possible to obtain a key for the locked gate at Grudie and drive a car as far as the dam. Several mountain guide writers recommend this southern approach for a long day in the hills which takes in seven of the Fannich Munros. There was formerly a bothy known as the “Nest of Fannich” situated on Sgùrr nan Each’s lower south west slopes by the loch which a great help when climbing mountains in this area, the bothy burned down several years ago. The highlight of the view from the top of Sgùrr nan Each is the western panorama which takes in the Fisherfield Forest, Slioch and the Torridon Hills.</p><br>
<p>The West Baden Springs Hotel, part of the French Lick Resort Casino, is a national historic landmark hotel in West Baden Springs, Orange County, Indiana. It is known for the 200 ft dome covering its atrium.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the completion of the Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1955, the hotel had the largest free-spanning dome in the United States. From 1902 to 1913 it had the largest in the world. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, the hotel became a National Historic Landmark in 1987. It is a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark and one of the hotels in the National Trust for Historic Preservation&#39;s Historic Hotels of America program.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Roaming bear and herds of deer and buffalo once visited the salt lick near the present-day site of the West Baden Springs Hotel as they traveled along the Buffalo Trace in southern Indiana. Native Americans also used the area as hunting grounds. Following the arrival of French traders and settlers in the vicinity, the site became known as French Lick. When George Rogers Clark passed through southern Indiana in 1778, he camped less than a mile from the salt licks and mineral springs in Orange County that became known as French Lick and West Baden Springs.</p><br>
<p>Bowles served as a commissioned officer in the USA Army during the Mexican–American War. Before his departure for military service in 1846, Bowles signed a five-year lease with John A. Lane, a physician/patent medicine salesman, who agreed to enlarge and improve the facility at French Lick. The business deal would allow Bowles to enjoy an improved facility with the potential for increased business at the leases end, and Lane would make a potential profit from his investment. Part of Bowles land included the mineral springs known as Mile Lick, 1 mi north of French Lick. Much of the property surrounding the Mile Lick springs was marshy, subject to yearly flooding, and unsuitable to farming, but Lane envisioned it as a business area that would surpass French Lick. In 1851 he purchased 770 acre from Bowles. Lane assembled a sawmill, erected a bridge to traverse Lick Creek, and built a hotel larger than the French Lick Springs, beginning the competition between the two Orange County sites.</p><br>
<h2>West Baden</h2><br>
<p>Lane opened a hotel around 1852 near the settlement of Mile Lick and named it the Mile Lick Inn. In 1855, when the community was renamed West Baden in reference to Wiesbaden (Baden-Baden), a spa town in Germany that was known for its mineral springs, Lane changed the hotel&#39;s name to the West Baden Inn. By the 1860s it was known as the West Baden Springs Hotel. The property was managed by Lane and Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Wilkins, with the assistance of W. F. Osborn, until 1883, when it was sold to a group of investors who made additional improvements.</p><br>
<p>In 1887 the Monon Railroad built an extension of its line to transport guests to the hotels and springs at French Lick and West Baden, where the two sites competed to offer the best service, entertainment, food and mineral water. By the late 1800s, guests arrived from across the country on seven separate railroads for relaxation and the alleged curative powers of the mineral water.</p><br>
<p>In 1888 an investment group called Sinclair and Rhodes, which included Lee Wiley Sinclair from Salem, Indiana, and E. R. Rhodes, acquired the West Baden hotel and 667 acre of land for $23,000. Although the hotel was destroyed by fire in 1891, it was rebuilt, and over the next several years Sinclair bought his partners&#39; interest in the hotel and became its sole owner. Sinclair turned the facility into a</p><br>
<p>Advertised as the Carlsbad of America, the cosmopolitan resort included a casino, an opera house, and a covered, two-deck, one-third-mile oval bicycle and pony track. A lighted baseball diamond in the center of the track was used as the spring training grounds for several major league league teams including the Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs, and Pittsburgh Pirates, among others.</p><br>
<p>The hotel caught fire on June 14, 1901, but no guests were injured. decided to build a new, circular-shaped hotel that would be fireproof and have a large dome. His goal was to open the new hotel within a year.</p><br>
<p>Most building professionals rejected the idea of a 200 ft dome, but Harrison Albright an architect from West Virginia, designed the building. Oliver Wescott, a bridge engineer, designed the dome&#39;s trusses. To complete the structure before the first anniversary of the fire, a 500-man crew worked six days a week in ten-hour shifts at a total cost of $414,000.</p><br>
<h2>Eighth Wonder</h2><br>
<p>The new hotel opened on September 15, 1902, to rave reviews. Its formal dedication took place on April 16, 1903, with Indiana governor Winfield T. Durbin and USA Senator Charles W. Fairbanks delivering speeches at the event. Advertisements called it the Eighth Wonder of the World. Hotel amenities included a gambling casino and live theater performance every night, as well as opera, concerts, movies, bowling, and billiards. Palm trees grew in the huge atrium, where birds had free range and guests relaxed on overstuffed furniture grouped in clusters under the 200 ft dome. The massive fireplace in the atrium could accommodate logs as long as 14 ft. Outdoors, guests had their choice of a natatorium, two golf courses, horseback riding, baseball, several hiking trails, or bicycling on a covered, double-decked oval track. (At 1,760 ft, the track was the largest in the country.) To cater to their well-heeled clientele, the hotels facilities also included a bank and a stock brokerage. A trolley transported guests from the hotels front door to nearby French Lick.</p><br>
<p>Some early advertisements claimed the hotel had more than 700 rooms, but most sources report the total was around 500. The main building contained six floors. The ground floor held the lobby, hotel management offices, the dining area, shops and meeting rooms; saunas and mineral baths were located on the top floor; guest rooms, built in two concentric circles around the atrium, were located on the second through fifth floors. Rooms on the inner ring offered a view of the atrium, while forty rooms on floors four and six had balconies overlooking the atrium. The hotel rooms were small by modern standards. Most had one or two twin beds and lacked a private bathroom.</p><br>
<h3>Notable guests</h3><br>
<p>Over the years the West Baden hotel attracted many notable guests. Beginning in the late 1880s, when southern Indiana became a favorite destination of the wealthy, the famous, infamous, and near-famous came to relax, play golf, gamble, enjoy fine dining, and be entertained.</p><br>
<p>Paul Dresser composed Indianas state song "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away" at the hotel. Boxers John L. Sullivan and James J. Corbett trained there. Diamond Jim Brady and Al Capone and his bodyguards were frequent guests. Politicians who visited the hotel included Chicagos mayor, "Big Bill" Thompson, and New York&#39;s governor, Al Smith. General John J. Pershing, writer George Ade, and entertainer Eva Tanguay were also guests. Professional baseball teams that included the Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Browns and St. Louis Cardinals held spring training in the region.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation</h3><br>
<p>Minor renovations to the property began in 1913, but a fire on February 11, 1917, destroyed the hotels bottling plant, opera house, bowling alley and hospital, forcing their replacement. Several years prior to the fires, hotel owner Lee Sinclairs health began to fail and his daughter, Lillian, and her husband, Charles Wexford, took over the hotel&#39;s operation. When Sinclair died in 1916, management of the hotel was left in the hands of the Wexfords.</p><br>
<p>Charles Wexford opposed any major enhancements, but Lillian ignored his wishes and began a major restoration of the hotel in a Greco-Roman architectural style. Between 1917 and 1919, Italian artisans installed a mosaic terrazzo tile floor composed of two million one-inch squares of marble in the atrium. The atrium fireplace was refaced with glazed ceramic tiles from the Rookwood Pottery Company. Marble wainscotting was added to the atrium&#39;s ground level walls, while the brick support columns were wrapped with canvas and painted to resemble marble. Outside, an elaborate veranda was constructed. Wooden shelters at the springs were replaced with brick structures, and a sunken garden was created with a fountain featuring an angel.</p><br>
<p>Edward Ballard, who financed the hotel&#39;s improvements, began his career as a bowling alley worker in the hotel, but made a fortune by operating an illegal gambling business in the area. Ballard also owned several nationally-recognized touring circuses, including the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus. Between 1918 and 1919, while the hotel was being refurbished, it served as a USA Army hospital for wounded soldiers returning from World War I. Lillian Wexford and Lieutenant Charles Cooper fell in love during his stay at the hotel-hospital. The Wexfords divorced in 1922, and Lillian sold the property to Ballard for $1 million in 1923. Half the money repaid the debt owed to Ballard; Lillian she kept the remainder.</p><br>
<p>Business at the hotel boomed in the 1920s; however, as ownership of automobiles increased and tourism destinations in Florida and the western United States became more popular, West Baden declined despite Ballards efforts to attract more guests with trade shows and conventions. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 began a downward spiral for the hotel. As word of the plummeting stock market spread, people congregated in the brokerage firms offices at the hotel to confirm the news. Within hours the guests began to depart. Ballard kept the facility open for more than two years, but few people stayed in luxury hotels during the Great Depression. Ballard finally closed the hotel in June 1932, but refused to sell it to anyone who planned to turn it into a speakeasy that offered gambling and other vices. In 1934 he donated the $7 million resort to the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).</p><br>
<h2>Schools</h2><br>
<h3>Jesuit seminary</h3><br>
<p>Beginning in 1934 the Jesuits began renovating the property to convert it into an austere seminary named West Baden College, an affiliate of Loyola University Chicago, and most of the hotel&#39;s luxurious fixtures, furnishings, and decorations were removed.</p><br>
<p>The lobby was converted into a chapel with the addition of French doors and stained-glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The former hotel&#39;s four Moorish towers were removed from the exterior after they fell into disrepair. Truckloads of stone were dumped into the mineral spring pools, then capped with concrete and turned into shrines for the saints.</p><br>
<p>The seminary operated for thirty years, but was closed following the 1963–64 school year due to low enrollment and escalating maintenance costs. During their time at West Baden the Jesuits established a cemetery for the seminary&#39;s priests that received thirty-nine interments. When the Jesuits sold the facility, they retained ownership of the cemetery land, which the Catholic church in French Lick agreed to maintain.</p><br>
<h3>Northwood Institute</h3><br>
<p>On November 2, 1966, the Jesuits sold the property to Macauley and Helen Dow Whiting, who donated it to Northwood Institute, a private, coeducational college founded in Midland, Michigan. The former hotel/Jesuit seminary was operated as a satellite campus of Northwoods business management school from 1968 to 1983. By its third year at West Baden Springs, the schools enrollment exceeded 400 students. Basketball legend Larry Bird, who was born in West Baden, held basketball clinics and staged games in the atrium. He briefly attended Northwood, after leaving Indiana University, before resuming his studies and collegiate basketball career at Indiana State University.</p><br>
<p>After the school closed, H. Eugene MacDonald, a former Springs Valley resident, purchased the property from in October 1983. MacDonald, who had owned other hotels, wanted to operate the property as a hotel, but lacked the financial resources for the restoration work. but a $250,000 payment from Marlin was returned for nonsufficient funds in 1985. Before MacDonald could begin foreclosure proceedings, Marlin declared bankruptcy and the hotel&#39;s ownership was tied up in litigation for nearly a decade.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Jesuits and Northwoods owners maintained the buildings structure, leaving it in reasonably good shape when MacDonald purchased it in 1983. The property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987, but Marlin failed to preserve the building while it was in bankruptcy. Visitors continued to tour the structure until 1989, when it was declared unsafe, and closed.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 the National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the hotel as one of America&#39;s most endangered places and the Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana matched an anonymous $70,000 donation to pay for work to stabilize the main structure. Tie rods were installed, the roof was patched, drainage was improved on roof parapets, and the structure around the partially collapsed wall was secured. HLFI also created promotional materials to help find a buyer and promoted the establishment of a local zoning and redevelopment commission.</p><br>
<p>Minnesota Investment Partners purchased the property in May 1994 for $500,000 from the bankruptcy receiver. Grand Casinos, Inc., an MIP investor, provided the funding and held an option on the hotel, but was unsuccessful in its efforts to pass "Boat on a Moat" legislation in 1995 to extend riverboat gambling to a proposed man-made lake adjacent to the hotel. When Grand Casinos walked away from their option, MIP tried to sell the property for $800,000, but a year passed with no interest. In July 1996 MIP accepted a purchase offer of $250,000 from HLFI West Baden, Inc., a new affiliate of HLFI, using funds provided by an anonymous donor.</p><br>
<p>Bill Cook, a billionaire entrepreneur, and his wife, Gayle, from Bloomington, Indiana, have been involved with several historic preservation projects. The Cook Group initiated efforts to stabilize the hotel&#39;s structural integrity and begin exterior restoration during the summer of 1996. The thirty-month first phase of the project was completed in early 1999 at a cost of $30 million—two-and-a-half times their initial commitment. In addition to the exteriors of the hotel and outbuildings, the garden was recreated, and the interior atrium, lobby, dining room and adjoining rooms were also completely restored. Over the next five years, the Cook Group spent another $5 million for maintenance.</p><br>
<p>The reconstruction project was featured in West Baden Springs: Save of the Century (1999), a documentary produced by Eugene Brancolini for WTIU Public Television. It chronicled the rise, demise, and restoration of the hotel. Using historical documents, photos, and archival footage, Brancolini&#39;s documentary explained how the property regained and even surpassed its former luxury.</p><br>
<h2>Casino resort</h2><br>
<p>HLFI West Baden unsuccessfully marketed the property nationally for more than five years before realizing that casino gaming would be the key to their success. HLFI joined the Cook Group, Boykin Lodging (owner of the French Lick Springs Hotel), and Orange County citizens to lobby the Indiana legislature to allow casino gambling in the area. The coalition members spent so much time in Indianapolis lobbying for their cause that they became known as "The Orange Shirts", in reference to the color of their T-shirts bearing the slogan, "Save French Lick and West Baden Springs".</p><br>
<p>Legislation was finally approved in 2003 and the required local referendum easily passed. The Trump Organization was initially granted the gambling license by the Indiana Gaming Commission, but Trump&#39;s subsequent bankruptcy caused the selection process to begin again. The Cook family decided to form a new company, Blue Sky, LLC, and submitted its application, before purchasing the French Lick Springs Hotel from Boykin Lodging. Blue Sky was awarded the gambling license during the summer of 2005 and stepped up the planning and permitting process for the casino. Construction of the French Lick Resort Casino and renovation of the French Lick Springs Hotel occurred simultaneously in the fall of 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In the spring of 2006, HLFI West Baden deeded the West Baden Springs Hotel to the Cook Group for a token amount in appreciation for the $35 million already invested. Restoration of the hotel resumed in the summer of 2006. The French Lick Springs Hotel and French Lick Resort Casino opened together on November 3, 2006. A gala event on June 23, 2007, marked the reopening of the West Baden Springs Hotel, seventy-five years after it closed.</p><br>
<p>The West Baden hotels reconfigured space contained 243 rooms and suites, fewer than half of the total in the original structure. The hotels natatorium was rebuilt using historic photographs as a guide. The total cost of the complete restoration of the West Baden Springs Hotel totaled almost $100 million.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Landmarks holds a perpetual preservation easement on the West Baden Springs Hotel that requires prior approval to make any changes to the hotel&#39;s exterior or grounds, even if ownership changes.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The West Baden Springs Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and named a National Historic Landmark in 1987. In 2008 Condé Nast magazine ranked the hotel twenty-first on its list of the "Top 75 Mainland USA Resorts." In 2009 the American Automobile Association recognized the hotel as one of the top ten historic hotels in the United States. and awarded it a four- diamond rating. A Zagat Survey in 2009 included the hotel on its list of "Top USA Hotels, Resorts & Spas."</p><br>
<p>The National Trust for Historic Preservation has included the hotel in its Historic Hotels of America program. The American Society of Civil Engineers designated the hotel as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the 1900s and 1910s the African-American employees of the West Baden Springs Hotel played on an early Negro league baseball team called the West Baden Sprudels. They played their rivals, the French Lick Plutos of the nearby French Lick Springs Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is the setting for Michael Koryta&#39;s thriller, So Cold the River (2010).</p><br>
<p>The Airplane Service Station, also known as the Powell Airplane, is a service station built in 1930 in the shape of an airplane. Located at 6829 Clinton Highway in Powell, an unincorporated community in Knox County, Tennessee, it is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The station was built by brothers Elmer and Henry Nickle. Their intent was to increase business by having a service station that was visually unique, both to area residents and to travelers on newly widened USA Highway 25. Elmer Nickle had a strong interest in airplanes, and so the station was constructed in the Fantastic architectural style in the shape of an airplane.</p><br>
<p>The structure ceased being used as a service station in the 1960s, when it became a liquor store. It has also been a produce stand, bait and tackle shop, and a used car lot. Knox Heritage and a local organization, the Airplane Filling Station Preservation Association (AFSPA), are working to preserve the structure.</p><br>
<p>The Manitou Islands are a series of small islands in Lake Nipissing, in Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada. The islands form a circle and lie 10 km southwest of North Bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Samuel de Champlain visited the islands in 1613 and called them "pretty". Fur traders found the island a handy resting spot, and often would camp overnight. Today the islands&#39; sand beaches continue to be a popular resting and recreation spot for many boaters.</p><br>
<p>Lime was quarried on the islands in the 1880s when the Canadian Pacific Railway was built, and a lime kiln was operated to create lime for mortar. Great Manitou Island, the largest of the islands, once held a dance hall and hotel, but it burned to the ground. Uranium mining was conducted on Newman Island in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Local legend says that the island is haunted by the Nipissing people who died of starvation after battling the Iroquois and being forced to flee the islands.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The total area of the islands is 100 hectare, and the total perimeter is 5 km. The five islands are:</p><br>
<p>Great Manitou Island 46&deg;16&prime;41&Prime;N latitude, 79&deg;34&prime;34&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Little Manitou Island 46&deg;15&prime;32&Prime;N latitude, 79&deg;35&prime;17&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Calder Island 46&deg;16&prime;14&Prime;N latitude, 79&deg;33&prime;38&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Rankin Island 46&deg;15&prime;00&Prime;N latitude, 79&deg;34&prime;03&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Newman Island 46&deg;15&prime;17&Prime;N latitude, 79&deg;34&prime;45&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<h2>Provincial park</h2><br>
<p>Today the islands are protected as Manitou Islands Provincial Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Manitou Islands lie inside the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben and are part of an eroded volcanic pipe, leaving the multiple islands. The volcanic pipe formed by the violent, supersonic eruption of a deep-origin volcano. These volcanoes originate at least three times as deep as most other volcanoes, and the resulting magma that is pushed toward the surface is high in magnesium and volatile compounds such as water and carbon dioxide. As the body of magma rises toward the surface, the volatile compounds transform to gaseous phase as pressure is reduced with decreasing depth. This sudden expansion propels the magma upward at rapid speeds, resulting in a shallow supersonic eruption.</p><br>
<p>The Manitou Islands contain the uncommon rock types of fenite and syenite. Minerals found associated with these rocks include: pyroxenites, amphibole, apatite, biotite, calcite, magnetite, monazite, nepheline, pyrite, pyrochlore, pyroxene and quartz.</p><br>
<p>The nearby Callander Bay is also a volcanic pipe.</p><br>
<p>The Knox County Courthouse is a historic building located at 300 Main Street in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Built in 1885, it served as Knox County&#39;s courthouse until the completion of the City-County Building in 1979, and continues to house offices for several county departments.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is a 2.5-story brick structure with an imposing clock tower. It contains a mixture of architectural styles, including Colonial elements in the clock tower and Gothic elements (including quatrefoil patterns) in the balcony and porch. Much of the interior has been altered.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Knox County Courthouse sits on what was originally Lot 36 of Charles McClungs 1791 plat of Knoxville. The lot across the street to the north (Lot 37), currently occupied by the federal courthouse, was the lot set aside by James White for the county courthouse. Thomas William Humes stated that a "frolicsome Irishman" burned this first courthouse down within a few years of its construction, to the delight of the citys residents. The lot of the current courthouse was originally occupied by a federal blockhouse made famous by a Lloyd Branson painting.</p><br>
<p>Knox County&#39;s second courthouse was built about 1797. This second courthouse was the setting for the George Washington Harris short story, "Eaves-Dropping a Lodge of Free-Masons." Harris described the "old stone Court-house" as having a "steep gable front to the street," a "disproportionately small brick chimney," "well-whittled door-jambs," "dusty windows," and "gloomy walls and ghosly echoes." By the 1830s, this courthouse had deteriorated, and local politicians began calling for its replacement.</p><br>
<p>Construction on Knox County&#39;s third courthouse began in 1839, and was completed in 1842. This third courthouse was a Federal-style structure with Greek Revival elements, and was constructed by John Dameron and Drury P. Armstrong.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the fourth Knox County Courthouse began in 1884. The lot across the street from the third courthouse, then occupied by a large hotel known as the Mansion House, was purchased. The county hired Stephenson and Getaz, a local contractor and architect, to build the courthouse. This firm used drawings prepared by the New York architectural firm, Palliser and Palliser. Built at a cost of $82,000.00, this new courthouse was considered fireproof, and included a 2,500-pound bell. Wings (running parallel to Main) were added to the east and west sides in 1919.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, Knox County&#39;s court and county government functions moved to the newly completed City-County Building on Hill Avenue. In subsequent years, after talk surfaced of tearing the courthouse down, a movement led by Knox County executive Dwight Kessel convinced the county to preserve it. The building continues to house several county offices, including the office of the county clerk.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>The Hank Williams Jr. song "Knoxville Courthouse Blues" refers to the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Cormac McCarthy&#39;s 1965 novel, The Orchard Keeper, includes a scene in which one of the characters carries a dead chickenhawk into the courthouse, for which he is paid a one-dollar bounty. McCarthy also mentions the courthouse in his 1979 novel, Suttree, likening the sound of its bell to "a fogwarning on some shrouded coast."</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>Tennessees first governor, John Sevier (1745&ndash;1815), was originally buried in Alabama, where he died while surveying the Alabama-Georgia border. In 1889, a delegation led by Governor Robert Love Taylor had Seviers remains extracted and reinterred in the lawn of the Knox County Courthouse. A monument was placed on the grave in 1893. In 1922, a movement led by former Knoxville mayor Samuel Heiskell managed to reinter the remains of Seviers second wife, Catherine "Bonny Kate" Sherrill Sevier, next to her husband. In 1946, a Sevier descendant, Mary Headman, placed a marker on the lawn honoring Seviers first wife, Sarah Hawkins.</p><br>
<p>Other monuments include the marble arched entrance monument to Dr. John Mason Boyd (1833&ndash;1909), which faces the Gay Street/Main Street intersection, and stone monuments commemorating the site of the 1790s-era federal blockhouse, Knoxvilles status as the first capital of Tennessee, and the 1791 signing of the Treaty of Holston. Another stone monument is dedicated to the countys Spanish–American War veterans. Two Tennessee Historical Commission markers recall the Treaty of the Holston and the third (1842–1886) courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Old City Hall is a complex of historic buildings located at 601 West Summit Hill Drive in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Originally constructed in the late 1840s as the Tennessee School for the Deaf and Dumb , the complex served as Knoxvilles city hall from 1925 until 1980. The complex has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has been documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey. It currently houses Lincoln Memorial Universitys Duncan School of Law.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Old City Hall complex stands at the northeast corner of the intersection of Summit Hill Drive, Western Avenue, Broadway, and Henley Street. The L&N Station stands opposite this intersection to the southwest. The complex consists of five interconnected buildings&mdash; the three-story main building, completed in 1851, and four additions behind the main building, built between 1874 and 1899. The entire complex sits atop a wooded knoll.</p><br>
<p>The main building consists of a three-story front section measuring 100 ft by 50 ft, and two rear wings, each measuring 25 ft by 79 ft, giving the building a U-shape. The facade of the central section contains a portico with four Ionic columns supporting a large pediment, and accessed by a marble staircase. One of the rear additions was designed in the Italian Renaissance style, and another contains Neoclassical elements. The buildings&#39; interiors have been modified extensively over the years as the role of the complex changed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Tennessee School for the Deaf</h3><br>
<p>The Tennessee School for the Deaf, originally called the Tennessee School for the Deaf and Dumb, or the "Deaf and Dumb Asylum," was authorized by the state in 1844, following legislative efforts initiated by state senator John Cocke of Grainger County. Knoxville merchant Calvin Morgan (1773&mdash;1851) donated the property for the school, and construction began in 1846. St. Johns Episcopal rector Thomas William Humes delivered the dedicatory address upon the schools opening in 1848.</p><br>
<p>The schools enrollment grew rapidly during the 1850s, but was forced to close at the outset of the Civil War, when occupying Confederate forces converted it into a hospital. Following William P. Sanderss failed raid against the city in June 1863, an artillery battery was set up behind the school building. When Union forces captured Knoxville in September 1863, they in turn used the school as a hospital. The school finally reopened in December 1866.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, the state appropriated $10,000 for the school, allowing it to expand. A new classroom building, designed by early Knoxville architect A.C. Bruce, was completed in 1874, and a chapel and auditorium building, designed by Joseph Baumann (1844&ndash;1920), was completed in 1879. A second classroom building was added in 1891, and a hospital building was constructed in 1899. The school continued operating at the complex until 1924, when it moved to its new campus at the old Island Home estate in South Knoxville.</p><br>
<h3>City Hall</h3><br>
<p>Knoxvilles first city hall was a small, two-story building constructed on the northern half of Market Square in 1868 (prior to this, the city government met at the courthouse). This structure was replaced by a larger, more elaborate building in 1889. This second building was incorporated into the design of the new market house, which was completed in 1897, though the citys government still met on its second floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, at the behest of progressive new city manager Louis Brownlow, Knoxville purchased the Tennessee School for the Deaf complex for use as a city hall. Over several decades, figures such as Cas Walker, George Dempster and John Duncan, Sr., fought over issues ranging from taxation to the city&#39;s lack of parking spaces.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, the Boyd school (located where the Daylight Building now stands) burned down. During the early 1930s, the city made plans to move the school into the City Hall complex, but as the city&#39;s offices expanded and required more and more space, these plans never materialized.</p><br>
<p>In his 1957 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, A Death in the Family, author James Agee recalled walking with his father through downtown Knoxville in 1915. As they passed the "deaf and dumb asylum," Agee noted how "its windows showed black in its pale brick, as the nursing woman&#39;s eyes, and it stood deep and silent among the light shadows of its trees."</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>Over the second half of the 20th century, the Old City Hall lot, which originally covered 8 acre, was gradually chipped away by development and road work. During the 1950s, several buildings on the northern half of the lot were demolished to make way for a new parking lot. In 1975, a cottage was demolished on the southwestern corner of the lot, and three years later, the Summit Hill Towers were erected on the lot&#39;s northeastern portion.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the City of Knoxville relocated its main offices, including its city hall functions, to the newly completed City-County Building on Main Street. Various tenants occupied Old City Hall in subsequent years, including the Knoxville Area Chamber Partnership (which moved to Market Square in 2004). In February 2008, Harrogate-based Lincoln Memorial University began leasing the building for its new law school, the Duncan School of Law.</p><br>
<p>The Division Street School is a historic school building located at New Albany, Floyd County, Indiana. It was one of the first elementary schools for African-American children, with construction beginning in June 1884, and the opening in 1885. It was moved by thirty feet westward in 1922. It was untouched by the Ohio River flood of 1937. It operated as a school until May 1946, while segregation still took place; those students still attended were assigned to Griffin Street School. From 1946 until 1948 it was a Veterans Administration Office. It was then used as a maintenance shop for the New Albany/Floyd County School Corporation until 1999. After restoration, it is now used for various community activities.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Swargarohini is a mountain massif in the Saraswati  Range of the Garhwal Himalaya. It lies in the Uttarkashi District of the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, west of the Gangotri group of peaks. It comprises four separate peaks: Swargarohini I is the main peak, and is the subject of this article. While not particularly high by Himalayan standards, and not the highest in the Bandarpunch range, Swargarohini I is notable for its dramatic local relief. For example, its north face drops 2,000 m in less than 2 km of horizontal distance, and its south face achieves the same drop in less than 3 km. This makes it a steep and challenging climb. Swargarohini I has two summits, east and west. The east summit is given an elevation of 6,247 m, slightly lower than the west summit. However the first ascensionists of the west summit claim that that summit is the higher of the two.</p><br>
<p>This snow-clad peak along is the source of the Tons River and along with the Bandarpunch massif it acts as a watershed between the Yamuna and the Bhagirathi Rivers.</p><br>
<p>Swargarohini 1 has been climbed by a 4-man team from West Bengal. The first civilian to reach the summit on 29 June 2016 at 6:45 am was leader, Thendup Sherpa. The expedition was organised by The Natures Foundation Kanchrapara of West Bengal. Its members were Suman Dey, Debabrata Dutta (team leader), Bikramjeet Nath and Bikramjeet Debnath. It was very technical between Camp 1 and Camp 3. There was no site for Camp 2, but ultimately after long hard work, the team successfully summited Swargarohini 1, the first civilians to do so.</p><br>
<p>Suman Dey</p><br>
<p>Summit member</p><br>
<h2>Legends and history</h2><br>
<p>Swargarohini derives it names from the legends associated with that it peaks forms the path to heaven that was followed by Pandavas, but only one pandava and a dog had reached heaven. According to the legends it is believed that this is the only way one can go to heaven with the human body itself.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>Swargarohini I has seen many climbing attempts. As of 1994, fifteen attempts had been made. On 25 October 1974, Charles Clarke (England); Dilsher Singh Virk, Peter Fuhrman and Bruce MacKinnon (Canada); and Mohan Singh and Rattan Singh (India) made the first ascent of the west summit of Swargarohini I, ascending from the west side.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent came on 3 May 1990, by a team of instructors from the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering. They climbed from the Ruinsara Valley on the north side, via the eastern col connecting the peak to the rest of the range, and found challenging rock climbing to achieve the col, leading to easier snow slopes above. However, other sources claim that this ascent stopped (5 m) short of the summit due to the presence of an unstable cornice.</p><br>
<p>The south face of the peak was attempted unsuccessfully in 1991. On 7 June 1993, an expedition from Sweden made the first undisputed ascent of the peak via this face. The summit team comprised Birger Andrén, Ingela Nilsson, and Ake Nilsson. They ascended a rock ridge on the eastern side of the south face, leading to the easy east-southeast ridge.</p><br>
<p>The Coffin House is a National Historic Landmark located in the present-day town of Fountain City in Wayne County, Indiana. The two-story, eight room, brick home was constructed circa 1838–39 in the Federal style. The Coffin home became known as the "Grand Central Station" of the Underground Railroad because of its location where three of the escape routes to the North converged and the number of fugitive slaves who passed through it.</p><br>
<p>Its original owners, Catharine and Levi Coffin, were Quaker abolitionists who provided fugitive slaves with supplies and a safe place to stay. During the twenty years (1826 to 1847) that The Coffins lived in Indiana it is believed that they helped as many as 2,000 slaves escape to freedom in the Northern United States and in Canada. (The Coffins continued their role as local leaders in the Underground Railroad after their move to Ohio in 1847 and provided aid to approximately 1,300 more slaves to assist in their escape to the North.) In 1966 the Coffins Indiana home became the first property in the state to be added to the National Register of Historic Places. The Levi Coffin House Association operates the property under an agreement with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, the historic homes present-day owner. The site is open to the public for tours, Tuesday through Saturday, from June through October. Admission is charged for visitors over the age of six.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Original owners</h3><br>
<p>Catharine and Levi Coffin, the home&#39;s original owners, along with the first of their six children migrated from Guilford County, North Carolina, to Wayne County, Indiana, to join other members of the Coffin family. The Coffins settled at Newport (the present-day town of Fountain City) in Wayne County in 1826 and established a home.</p><br>
<p>Levi Coffin (1798–1877) was a Quaker abolitionist, businessman, and humanitarian who became an active leader in the Underground Railroad in Indiana and Ohio. Known for his leadership in aiding fugitive slaves, Coffin opposed slavery and was given the unofficial title of "President of the Underground Railroad." Catharine (White) Coffin (1803–81) also took an active role in assisting fugitive slaves, which included providing food, clothing, and a safe haven in the Coffin home.</p><br>
<p>The Coffins began sheltering fugitive slaves in Indiana during the winter of 1826–27, not long after their arrival at Newport. Their home became one of several Underground Railroad stops in a larger network of sites that provided aid to runaway slaves as they traveled north to freedom in Canada. Underground Railroad conductors guided escaping slaves through Kentucky, where they typically crossed the Ohio River at one of three points: Madison, Indiana; Jeffersonville, Indiana; or Cincinnati, Ohio. After the crossing many of the escaping slaves were led to the Coffin House. The Coffins and their neighbors provided fugitive slaves with supplies and a place to stay until they could be transported further north. Coffin later estimated that, on average, they helped one hundred slaves escape each year. Although the Coffins did not keep records of their activities because it was illegal to assist runaway slaves, it is believed that they helped as many as 2,000 of them to freedom in the North and in Canada during the twenty years (1826 to 1847) that they lived in Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Harriet Beecher Stowes fictional work, Uncle Toms Cabin, told stories of slaves who escaped on the Underground Railroad. Stowe was living in Cincinnati at the time she wrote the novel and became acquainted with the Coffins, who may have been the inspiration for the fictional Quaker couple named Simeon and Rachael Halliday in her story. Stowe&#39;s book relates the tale of Eliza Harris, a slave girl from the South who escaped by crossing the frozen Ohio River with her baby on a winter night. After receiving food, clothing, new shoes, and shelter from the Hallidays, Harris continued her journey to freedom in Canada.</p><br>
<p>At the urging of friends in the anti-slavery movement, the Coffins left Newport moved to the Cincinnati, Ohio, area in 1847 to take over management of a store and wholesale warehouse that supplied free-labor goods produced without slave labor. Coffin sold the business in 1857, after determining that it would be impossible to sustain a profit, but the Coffins continued their role as local leaders in the Underground Railroad. It is estimated that they provided 1,300 fugitive slaves with a safe haven in their Ohio home. Coffin later became an agent for the Western Freedmans Aid Society, petitioned the USA government to create the Freedmens Bureau, and in 1867 served as a delegate to the International Anti-Slavery Conference in Paris before retiring from public life.</p><br>
<h3>Residence and Underground Railroad stop</h3><br>
<p>The Coffin family&#39;s residence that later became a state historic site was originally built circa 1838–39. Its location at the point where three of the escape routes to the North converged, along with the number of fugitive slaves who passed through the home, caused it to become known as the "Grand Central Station" of the Underground Railroad. Because Coffin would demand to see a search warrant and slave-ownership papers for suspected runaway slaves before allowing entry, the house was never searched. By the time the slave-catchers returned from the county seat of Centerville (a round trip of 26 mi to acquire the documents, the fugitive slaves would have been transported to other locations.</p><br>
<h3>Hotel and apartment building</h3><br>
<p>In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the home was used as a hotel. After 1911 it was converted to apartments and passed through several owners before it was restored in the 1960s. Fortunately, the property was kept it in good condition, including preservation of some of its original windowpanes and woodwork.</p><br>
<h3>Historic site</h3><br>
<p>The Coffin house was named a National Historic Landmark and in 1966 it became the first property in the state to be added to the National Register of Historic Places. Indiana&#39;s state government acquired the house in 1967 and leased it to the Wayne County Historical Society. The home has been restored to appear as it did in the 1840s when the Coffins lived there. The restoration was done by Himelick Construction of Fountain City. After its restoration the home opened to the public as a historic site in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Levi Coffin House Association operates the historic house under an agreement with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, who owns the property. The historic site is open to the public for tours Tuesday through Saturday from June through October. Admission is charged for visitors over the age of six. The association purchased an additional house near the Coffin property and intends to restore it for use as an interpretive center for the historic site. The interpretive center is slated to open in December 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The home is located at 113 USA Route 27 in the center of present-day Fountain City, Indiana. The two-story, modified Federal-style brick home is painted red and had a two-story rear wing on the northwest corner of the main structure. The home faces east with its main entrance along Main Cross Street (USA Route 27). Another entrance at Mill Street provides access to the rear wing.</p><br>
<p>The eight-room interior includes furnishings in the style of a Quaker family living in Indiana during the 1840s. Its original fireplaces, doors, floors and portions of the homes woodwork have been restored. The main entrance opens into a central hallway that includes a room on each side and a staircase leading to the second floor. The south room on the main floor includes built-in bookcases that are original to the home. The north room on the main floor served as the homes parlor and leads to a dining room in the rear wing. Stairs lead down to a kitchen and spring room in the basement. A spring-fed well in the basement provided the home with access to fresh water. The second floor contains three bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>The Coffin homes interior had several modifications that could have been used as hiding places for runaway slaves in case the house was searched. Most of the rooms have at least two exits. A secret door installed in the maids quarters in the rear addition on the second floor provided access for as many as fourteen fugitive slaves to hide in a narrow crawlspace between the walls. The upstairs rooms could accommodate extra visitors. The home also contains a large attic and storage garrets.</p><br>
<p>The Havens–Page House, also known as the T. C. Havens House, is a historic house built between 1900 and 1924 at 101 North 39th Street in the Gold Coast Historic District of Omaha, Nebraska. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, this home is remarkable for its classical Georgian Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Designed by architects F.A. Henninger and J. Harte, the Havens–Page House was completed between 1900 and 1924 for Thomas Collins Havens. It is built of stone in the Second Renaissance Revival Style. Located just south of the West Central–Cathedral Historic District and the George Joslyn House, it is within a North Omaha neighborhood referred to as the Gold Coast. When it was first built, the house was a trolley car ride away from the bustle of Omaha&#39;s downtown; today, it is located in the middle of the city.</p><br>
<p>The house was rehabilitated in 1983 in conjunction with a City of Omaha program for $50,000. It was designated an Omaha landmark on November 24, 1981, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Lizzie Robinson House, located at 2864 Corby Street in North Omaha, Nebraska, United States, is the location of the first Church of God in Christ congregation in the state. This was a Pentecostal denomination founded in the late 19th century in Lexington, Mississippi, by Charles Price Jones and Charles Harrison Mason; the latter of whom led the church for decades.</p><br>
<p>Initially most of the COGIC members and churches were in the Deep South states. During the Great Migration of the first half of the twentieth century, African-American migrants to northern cities established new COGIC congregations across the country.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1910, the house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 25, 1993, and was designated an Omaha landmark on June 9, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Edward and Lizzie Robinson founded the first Church of God in Christ in the state of Nebraska after they moved to Omaha in 1916 from the South. The Robinsons resided here with their daughter, Ida Baker, from 1916 through 1924.</p><br>
<p>According to the City of Omaha, "Mrs. Robinson is significant historically for her role as organizer of the women’s ministry for the Church of God in Christ, the largest African-American Pentecostal denomination in the world."</p><br>
<p>Snowmass Peak in the USA state of Colorado dominates the view from Snowmass Lake. It is often mistaken for Snowmass Mountain, the thirty-fourth highest mountain peak in the state, as well as for Hagerman Peak. Snowmass Peak is not really a peak but the lower end of Hagerman Peaks east ridge. Natural forced perspective causes the optical illusion that Snowmass Peak is higher than Hagerman Peak though it is actually 221 ft shorter than Hagermans summit. This illusion combined with its striking rise behind Snowmass Lake justifies it being a named point on USGS topographical maps. It is located in the Elk Mountains, within the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness of the White River National Forest. It lies along the border between Pitkin and Gunnison counties, west of Aspen and southwest of the town of Snowmass Village.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking/climbing</h2><br>
<p>The route used to climb Snowmass Peak is the Trail Rider Pass trail to Hagerman Peak. This trail can be accessed by Snowmass Creek approach off Divide Road Snowmass Village or the Geneva Lake trail. It is possible to reach the summit by horse between Hagerman Peak and Snowmass Mountain, but is much more difficult.</p><br>
<p>Blackford Hill 164 m is a hill in Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. It is in the area of Blackford, between Morningside, and the Braid Hills. Together with the Hermitage of Braid, it comprises the 60.3 hectare Hermitage of Braid and Blackford Hill Local Nature Reserve, within which lies Hermitage House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There is an ancient hill fort on the summit area of the hill, making it a Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<p>Blackford Hill was bought by the Edinburgh Corporation in 1884, and the adjacent Hermitage of Braid estate was gifted to the city of Edinburgh in 1938, by its final owner, John McDougal. The gift allowed the Hermitage to be used as "a Public Park or Recreation Ground for the benefit of the citizens." The City of Edinburgh Council retains ownership of the park and is primarily responsible for its maintenance. This is done primarily through the ranger service, with the assistance of other council teams such as Task Force and Forestry Unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The hill has clear views over Edinburgh to the north, and the Pentland Hills to the south. It is popular with walkers, as it has many well established paths, as well as runners and other leisure users. There is a wide range of flora and fauna within a green belt area of Edinburgh, making it an important target for conservation. Around half of the area is unimproved grassland.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Observatory, Edinburgh is located near the summit. The hilltop also features a police radio transmitter and a meteorological station. Craigmillar Park golf course is situated to the east of Blackford Hill, near the observatory, and the Midmar allotments and Blackford Pond are adjacent to the hill on the north side.</p><br>
<p>Midmar paddock is adjacent to the hill. Owned by the A. J. Laing Trust proposals to develop it have attracted controversy.</p><br>
<h3>Forestry</h3><br>
<p>There are around 12 hectare of mature woodland on the hill, as well as some new trees on a reclaimed landfill mound planted in the late 1990s as part of the Millennium Forest Community Woodland.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Blackford Hill is formed from Lower Devonian volcanic rocks, lying between Upper Devonian sandstone, the northernmost extent of those found in the Pentland Hills to the South. Geologically the hill is different from the Carboniferous volcanic plugs and intrusions which form the remainder of Edinburgh&#39;s hills, with the exception of the nearby Braid Hills.</p><br>
<p>Of geological and historical interest is Agassiz Rock, a quarry-like feature, situated close to the hill, which was the first evidence of the action of glaciers to be found in Scotland, recognised by the Swiss geologist Louis Agassiz. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.</p><br>
<h3>Braid Burn</h3><br>
<p>The Braid Burn is the principal watercourse, flowing for some 3 km through the nature reserve. It is a small river, typically around 5 m wide by 20 cm deep, although subject to significant variation. At this location it is approximately half way along its 32 km course from a spring in the Pentland Hills, to its mouth at Portobello. There is a tunnel around 120 m long in the vicinity of the House.</p><br>
<h3>Blackford Pond</h3><br>
<p>Blackford Pond lies to the north of the hill, and is popular with families.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hyōno is a mountain on the border of Yabu, Hyōgo Prefecture, and Wakasa, Tottori Prefecture, in Japan. It is the highest mountain in Hyōgo Prefecture. This mountain is one of the 200 famous mountains in Japan. Other names of this mountain are Suga-no-sen, Hyō-zan, Hyō-no-yama, Kōri-no-yama.</p><br>
<h2>Outline</h2><br>
<p>Mount Hyōno is estimated as an upheaved submarine volcano which erupted 3 million years ago with Mount Naki and Torokawa-daira highland. This mountain is the second highest mountain in Chūgoku Mountains, and also the second highest in Honshū west of Osaka Prefecture. This mountain is in the Hyōnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan Quasi-National Park. This mountain is also selected as one of the 100 untrodden areas in Japan.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Fukusada Bus Stop of Zentan Bus.</p><br>
<p>Pine Cay is an 800 acre privately owned island occupied by 36 homeowners and a small exclusive resort The Meridian Club in the Turks and Caicos Islands.The Meridian Club consists of 13 beachfront hotel rooms, a restaurant, clubhouse and bar. There is also a small spa.</p><br>
<p>Pine Cay was the site of the first tourist development on the Turks and Caicos. It was planned in the 1950s. The Meridian Club was established in the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Pine Cay is less than a mile wide and two miles (3 km) long, though 9 mi of trails dot the island. Island transportation is by electric golf cart and bicycle. The main beach is 2 mi long. There is a paved airstrip that accommodates small private aircraft and helicopters.</p><br>
<p>Pine Cay is also near Dellis Cay and Fort George&#39;s Cay.</p><br>
<p>Cloverfields Dairy Farm was a model dairy farm located in Olympia, Washington. Built by former Washington State pioneer Hazard Stevens after he returned to Olympia in 1914, today the farmhouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>After long careers in politics and the military, Hazard Stevens returned to Olympia from Boston, Massachusetts in 1914, determined to develop a large tract of land his father purchased in the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The first commission in Olympia for architect Joseph Wohleb, the Cloverfields farmhouse still stands today at 1100 Carlyon Avenue SE. It was built in the Dutch Colonial Revival Style and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the house, Cloverfields originally included a large barn and two silos. As the president of the Olympia Light and Power Company, Stevens utilized electricity extensively throughout Cloverfields, particularly in the electrified barn and milking machines. The Holstein cows he used were anomaly in the area, and were complemented by Stevens&#39; extensive orchard and angora goats.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, 40 acre of the Cloverfields Dairy Farm in Southeast Olympia was purchased by the Olympia School District. Today it is the location of the current Olympia High School.</p><br>
<p>The Alum Creek Lake reservoir was built in 1974, covers 5 sq mi  and has a maximum capacity of 134,815 acre.ft.</p><br>
<h2>Dam construction (1970–1974)</h2><br>
<p>Alum Creek Dam which was constructed between 1970 and 1974 is located on Alum Creek, a tributary of Big Walnut Creek, which drains into the Scioto River. The dam is a rolled earth-fill embankment 10,000 ft in length with a maximum height of 93 ft The spillway is located high on the right abutment with the raceway dropping off in front of it to the stilling basin below. Control is provided by three 34 by 25 ft tainter gates supported by 8 ft wide concrete piers resting on concrete ogee sections. The ogee sections have a crest elevation of 878 and are founded at elevation 839.</p><br>
<h2>Potential dam failure and retrofit (1975–1978)</h2><br>
<p>On April 24, 1975 during a periodic inspection of the completed dam, the US Army Corps of Engineers expressed concern about the safety of the spillway monoliths. The rock underlying the dam is Ohio Black Shale which is a largely hard, massive silt shale. It is highly fractured below the base of weathering. Within this shale are several light gray, silty to clayey shale seams up to 1 ft thick. It may be possible that the spillway monolith and its underlying bedrock could slide forward on one of these seams, opening a gap between the monolith and the rolled earth dam leading to rapid and catastrophic erosion of the dam.</p><br>
<h2>Testing</h2><br>
<p>Twelve, 6-in. diameter core holes were drilled in the raceway directly in front of the ogee weirs. At least six of these cores exhibited a clayey seam about elevation 830 (nine feet below the ogee foundations). Testing of this material and deep-seated sliding analysis indicated that the dam did indeed face a safety issue.</p><br>
<h2>Retrofitting</h2><br>
<p>To prevent the concrete monolith from sliding forward, it was decided to install seven cable anchors deep into the bedrock. Each anchor consisted of bundled, high strength steel cables that were concreted into the bottom of the holes. They were then hydraulically tensioned and the holes filled with grout. Anchors were installed at a 45 degree angle to a depth of 813, or 26 ft below the foundation of the ogees. On March 2, 1977 the project was bid to VSL Corporation for $254,777. Drilling for the anchors began on June 7, 1977. The final loading on each anchor was 1300 kips. On September 28, 1977, one of the anchor&#39;s foundations failed and had to be re-concreted. By 1978, the project was completed.</p><br>
<h2>January, 2005 Flood</h2><br>
<p>On January 16, 2005 Alum Creek Dam&#39;s reservoir reached its highest level since construction was completed in 1974, an elevation of 898.94, about 17 ft above normal level. At this level control was maintained through the discharge pipe and it was not necessary to open the three main spillway gates.</p><br>
<p>This extreme event was caused by an average of 5-8 inches of rain falling over Central Indiana and Ohio during January 4–14, 2005. This rain combined with snow melt and saturated ground to produce record breaking runoff. Other reservoirs also set pool level records, including Deer Creek, Delaware Lake, Paint Creek, Atwood Lake, Bolivar Dam, Charles Mill Lake, Dillon Lake, Dover Dam, Mohawk Dam and Wills Creek.</p><br>
<p>Recreation</p><br>
<p>Alum Creek Lake is popular with locals and regional tourists alike with its fishing, picnicking, boating, and hiking opportunities.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Caves Chateau is a historic American hotel that opened in 1934. It is located in Oregon Caves National Monument in southern Oregon, near Cave Junction. The Chateau was designed and built by Gust Lium, a local contractor. Declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987, the Chateau building is architecturally significant because of its construction and design.</p><br>
<p>The Chateau is six stories high and is built across a steep ravine. All floor levels except the top two have ground level entrances because of the steep slope. From the main front entrance the building appears to be only three stories high, but from the creek bed below the hotel, all six floors can be seen. The lowest two floors house storage and building systems. The third floor contains the dining room, coffee shop and kitchen. The fourth floor, at the level of the driveway, houses the lobby and some guest rooms, while the fifth and sixth floors have guest rooms and the manager&#39;s quarters.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of the Chateau building, as well as several other buildings nearby of the same age, is rustic. The building exterior is sheathed with cedar bark, giving it a shaggy appearance. Both shed and dormer style roofs mimic the surrounding mountains. Extensive rock work was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps under the direction of the Plans and Design branch of the Park Service, headed by Thomas Chalmers Vint, creating a bond between the building and the landscape. A small pond with a waterfall is in the courtyard.</p><br>
<h2>Interior architecture</h2><br>
<p>Inside the Chateau the rustic architecture continues. Thirty-inch-diameter (30 in) log posts support the open beam ceilings. A large, rustic-marble double-sided fireplace dominates the lobby. Dark paneled walls create a cavelike feel and allow one&#39;s attention to be drawn to the view outside the large picture windows. Since the lobby is four floors above the creek bed, the lobby windows look out into the trees of the surrounding forest. A grand staircase made of pine log stringers, maple steps, and balustrades of madrone, continue the rustic style. The gray wood in the lobby is tinted by cement, which came from the cement bags that the workers beat against the wood to loosen the contents.</p><br>
<p>The Chateau is in almost original condition. The rooms remain almost exactly as they were in 1934. There are no phones or televisions, and steam radiator heating remains. The Chateau is open to guests spring through fall, dates vary.</p><br>
<p>A 1930s-style coffee shop on the courtyard level of the Chateau is still in original condition, with original maple counters and chrome and vinyl swivel stools. Part of the flow from nearby Cave Creek is diverted into an artificial stream bed inside the building; the stream flows through the dining room.</p><br>
<h2>Monterey furniture</h2><br>
<p>The Chateau contains a large collection of the original polychrome Mason Monterey furniture, made by the Mason Manufacturing Company in Los Angeles, California. The Mason Monterey line is important in that Frank and George Mason, its founders, were credited being originators of the Monterey trend. The Chateau has the largest public collection of Mason Monterey furniture in the world. In 2010, the first two dozen pieces were conserved and restored. Ten A-frame Dining chairs that went through the flood of 1964, having been stripped of most of their finish, were repaired and restored to their original appearance, while several upholstered pieces were conserved.</p><br>
<p>The Ames Gate Lodge is a celebrated work by American architect H. H. Richardson. It is privately owned on an estate landscaped by Frederick Law Olmsted, but its north facade can be seen from the road at 135 Elm Street, North Easton, Massachusetts. In 2013, the Ames Gate Lodge was protected by a preservation easement held by Historic New England.</p><br>
<p>The lodge was designed and constructed in 1880-1881 for Frederick Lothrop Ames, son of railway magnate Oliver Ames, Jr., as the northern entrance to his Langwater estate. Although Langwater dated from 1859 with 1876 additions, its northern regions had until then remained unfinished. Ames thus engaged Richardson and Olmsted in collaboration on its creation. Olmsted&#39;s landscape designs were implemented in 1886-1887.</p><br>
<p>The Gate Lodge is a remarkable synthesis of oversize stone wall, arched gate, and gatehouse building, perhaps based in part on Richardsons appreciation of the Central Park bridges designed by Calvert Vaux. It forms a long, low mass lying directly athwart the estates entry road, which runs southward within its dominating, semicircular arch. The massive walls appear to be crude heaps of rounded boulders from the estate soil -- "cyclopean rubble" in Vincent Scully&#39;s memorable phrase—trimmed in Longmeadow brownstone. The blocky, two-story lodge proper stands west of the arch, and originally housed the estate gardener on the lower floor with rooms for bachelor guests above. Across the arch is a long, low wing ending in a circular bay, once used for storing plants through the winter.</p><br>
<p>The lodges public (northern) facade is relatively flat and austere; its southern facade, by contrast, is highly shaped with protrusions and a large porch featuring carvings by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. Capping all is the lodges prominent, hipped, reddish-tiled roof with its eyelid dormers. As Frank Lloyd Wright once wrote, "The presence of a building is in its roof, and what a roof the Ames Gate Lodge has!"</p><br>
<p>The nearby F. L. Ames Gardeners Cottage (1884–85) was also designed by Richardson, and built some 400 ft east of the Gate Lodge when the gardeners family outgrew the lodge. It was later enlarged by Richardson&#39;s successors, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, and has subsequently been shingled and otherwise modified.</p><br>
